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The stomach and gastric function
Published in Paul Ong, Rachel Skittrall, Gastrointestinal Nursing, 2017
Fat digestion begins in the stomach. Gastric fat digestion is also much more significant in infants than it is in adults. The enzymes responsible for catalysing (breaking down) fats in the stomach originate from two sources: lingual lipase comes from the lingual serous glands in the mouth and gastric lipase from the gastric mucosa. Gastric lipase breaks down fats to free fatty acids and diglycerol and is important for releasing fatty acids from milk. Gastric lipase is active in the relatively low pH environment of the infants. By the age of 3 months the pH is even lower and this inactivates much of the gastric lipase. Fatty acids are essential for infant development, particularly brain, retinal and growth development. Triglyceride is the main energy source of the neonate. Other lipases such as pancreatic lipase and bile salt-dependent lipase are active in the small intestine and convert the triglyceride to monoglyceride which can then be absorbed. The activity of lingual and gastric lipase is essential because, unlike pancreatic and bile salt-dependent lipase, they are able to penetrate the phospholipid component of the milk fat globule membrane and hydrolyse triglycerides. Therefore the partial hydrolysis of fat in the stomach is a prerequisite for the completion of digestion and absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerol in the small intestine. Bile salts also contribute to the breaking down of the milk fat globule membrane.
Dendritic cell-based vaccination: powerful resources of immature dendritic cells against pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2018
Aurélie Collignon, Françoise Silvy, Stéphane Robert, Malika Trad, Sébastien Germain, Jérémy Nigri, Frédéric André, Véronique Rigot, Richard Tomasini, Bernard Bonnotte, Dominique Lombardo, Eric Mas, Evelyne Beraud
Cancer vaccines for the treatment of PAC are currently investigated. Recent reviews summarize the clinical trials of DC-based cancer vaccines for patients with PAC.36 In murine models, under prophylactic conditions, vaccinating mice with mDCs pulsed with heat-treated lysate of a PAC line cells (Panc02)37 and irradiated Panc0238 resulted in increased survival. In therapeutic conditions, injection of Panc02-RNA-transfected DC into transplanted orthotopic tumors resulted in tumor regression.39 We previously reported the efficacy of vaccination against PAC using DCs loaded with a TAA, an onco-glycoprotein (a bile salt-dependent lipase), and mature, implying cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognizing the specific TAA.25 Moreover, we showed that this TAA is internalized by human DCs, induces their functional maturation and, efficiently processed, promotes T-cell activation.40,41 Here, we investigate the ability of iDCs to induce both immune responses and resistance to PAC.