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Clinical Testing of Occupational Glove Sensitivity
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
The allergens responsible for contact dermatitis to rubber gloves are generally chemicals added to or used during the glove manufacturing process. These include vulcanizing agents, accelerators, and antioxidants. Rubber accelerators constitute the major class of chemicals giving rise to glove allergy in patients. Among the group of accelerators, thiurams and carbamates are the most common glove allergens.14 Other causal agents have also been reported: starch;15 indeed, chemicals such as epichlorohydrin, sorbic acid, and even isothiazolinone derivatives may be present in such powders;16 cetyl pyridinium chloride present on a glove's surface;17,18 latex protein,19,20 although an additive already present in the latex, may not always be ruled out as the causal factor;21 and even a bacterial endotoxin in gamma radiation-treated gloves22 and residual ethylene oxide.23 In plastic gloves, different plasticizers, e.g. adipic polyesters in PVC gloves, are added to the plastic to either harden or soften them, and it has been documented that such compounds can cause allergic contact dermatitis.24,25 Further, the addition of coloring agents (organic pigments), antioxidants (Bisphenol A), and different antimicrobials (formaldehyde and 1,2-benzisothiazolinone) during the production of plastic gloves have been reported to cause reactions,26–31 while in leather gloves, chromium salts are the main sensitizers.32,33
Preservative Resistance
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
The presence of the efflux pump within the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria cell has also been implicated in microbial adaption and resistance to preservatives. Efflux pumps are transport proteins that can cause the extrusion of toxic substrates such as antibiotics and preservatives from within the interior of microbial cells and move them back into the external environment. In Escherichia coli and Enterobacter gergoviae isolates, the presence of an efflux pump had been found to establish the antimicrobial resistance to parabens (27,31). In a different study, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC) testing conducted on 83 selected Burkholderia cepacia complex industrial strains found increased resistance to DMDM hydantoin, benzisothiazolinone, MIT, a blend of 3:1 MCIT/MIT, methylparaben, phenoxyethanol, benzethonium chloride, and sodium benzoate (58). Since Burkholderia lata was found to be the most common industrial Burkholderia cepacia complex species of this study, the type strain—383T (LMG 22485T)—was used to study preservative tolerance because it had developed a stable preservative resistance to benzisothiazolinone, MIT, a 3:1 blend of MCIT/MIT, and benzethonium chloride. Several subcultures of the Burkholderia lata strain had been carried out in the presence of sub-lethal preservative concentrations of a 3:1 blend of MCIT/MIT. Transcriptomic analysis was used to determine the molecular basis for this Burkholderia lata strain adaptive resistance and it demonstrated that an efflux pump had played a major role in the development of resistance to a 3:1 blend of MCIT/MIT. By using the inhibitor L-Phe-Arg-β-napthylamide, the role of an efflux pump had been confirmed in the resistant Burkholderia lata 383-M-MCIT strain.
Methyl(chloro)isothiazolinone contact allergy: a monocentric experience from Turkey
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2023
Didem Kazan, Evren Odyakmaz-Demirsoy, Rebiay Kiran, Aysun Şikar-Aktürk, Nilgün Sayman, Dilek Bayramgürler
The main limitation of our study is its predominantly retrospective design and the limited number of patients. Although the patients who had regular follow-ups were included in our study, we think that new studies with a higher total number of patients and prospective design will bring more valuable results. In addition, we think that new brands of isothiazolinones such as octylisothiazolinone (OIT) and benzisothiazolinone (BIT) should be checked in future studies on occupational exposure is so high. But unfortunately, we didn’t have patch test kits for OIT and BIT, so we couldn’t examine them in our patients.