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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Benzaldehyde is a colorless to pale yellow clear liquid; its odor type is fruity and its odor is described as ‘almond, fruity, powdery, nutty and benzaldehyde-like’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). Benzaldehyde occurs naturally in plants. It can be formed in the atmosphere from the reaction of some chemicals with sunlight. Benzaldehyde is an important commercial chemical that is used to make other chemicals, notably benzyl alcohol. Other uses of benzaldehyde include or have included: as a preservative in cosmetics, personal care products, food and select car detailing products, as a solvent for oils, flavoring (it is a key ingredient in natural fruit flavors [10]), in synthetic perfumes and as a tobacco additive (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Oxidation of toluene (181) with air or oxygen in the presence of a catalyst gives benzyl alcohol (194), benzaldehyde (195), or benzoic acid (196) depending on the chemistry employed. The demand for benzoic acid far exceeds that for the other two oxidation products and so such processes are usually designed to produce mostly benzoic acid with benzaldehyde as a minor product. For the fragrance industry, benzoic acid is the precursor for the various benzoates of interest, while benzaldehyde, through aldol-type chemistry, serves as the key intermediate for cinnamate esters (such as methyl cinnamate (197)) and cinnamaldehyde (48). Reduction of the latter gives cinnamyl alcohol (49) and hence, through esterification, provides routes to all of the cinnamyl esters. Chlorination of toluene under radical conditions gives benzyl chloride (198). Hydrolysis of the chloride gives benzyl alcohol (194), which can, in principle, be esterified to give the various benzyl esters (199) of interest. However, these are more easily accessible directly from the chloride by reaction with the sodium salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid. All of these conversions are shown in Figure 6.33.
Hyperthermia in oncology and nontoxic integrative treatments
Published in Clifford L. K. Pang, Kaiman Lee, Hyperthermia in Oncology, 2015
Clifford L. K. Pang, Kaiman Lee
In Krebs’ opinion, human cancers originate from primitive embryonic cells that are equivalent to stem cells. Cyanide and hydride are the main components of vitamin B17. They stably exist in the human body, with a half-life of about 24 hours, and they can maintain their biological activity for a long time. Vitamin B17 has a special affinity for primitive embryonic cells. When cells suffer from cancerization, vitamin B17 shows its killing or depression effect on the cancer cells. First, it can gather around cancer cells, forming a higher drug concentration. Then a very important enzyme, glucosinase, comes into play when vitamin B17 attacks the cancer cells. This enzyme can reconstruct the chemical structure of vitamin B17 and makes B17 become bioactiviated. During this process, benzaldehyde is generated. The activated vitamin B17 can penetrate the cancer cell membranes in coordination with benzaldehyde. At this time, the concentration of vitamin B17 inside the cancer cells can be more than 3000 times higher than that inside normal cells. It has a stronger cytotoxic effect and is able to destroy the respirator of cells, mitochondria, resulting in the death of cancer cells or cancer depression for a long time. It is necessary to emphasize that with good application safety vitamin B17 does not damage normal cells.
Intake of New Zealand Blackcurrant Powder Affects Skin-Borne Volatile Organic Compounds in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
M. E. T. Willems, M. Todaka, M. Banic, M. D. Cook, Y. Sekine
Benzaldehyde is the aromatic aldehyde linked with almond flavor (Oliveira et al. 2019) and was reduced with intake of NZBC powder. Benzaldehyde is also a VOC released by muscle cells (Mochalski et al. 2014), but its function within the muscle cells is not defined. Benzaldehyde is also produced in skin flora by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Timm et al. 2018) and associated with skin infections. It is possible that the intake of NZBC powder reduces P aeruginosa on human skin and contributes to maintenance of healthy skin. In support, protocatechuic acid, an anthocyanin-derived metabolite, leads to death of P aeruginosa in in vitro conditions (Ajiboye et al. 2017). However, as far as we know, the implication of the reduction in the VOC human skin emission of benzaldehyde by intake of NZBC powder is not clear. Future work could address the role of anthocyanins on skin VOCs in people with skin disorders.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Marc A. Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael J. Quinn, Amy Millikan Bell
Others have employed gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to analyze the flavor chemicals in multiple flavors of e-cig fluids, as well as in samples from E-fluid refill bottles commonly obtained online or from local ‘vape’ stores (Tierney et al.2016). This group found that a significant number of the flavor chemicals were aldehydes (including benzaldehyde), a class of compounds recognized as ‘primary irritants’ of the mucosal membranes of the respiratory tract. Benzaldehyde was found in e-liquids that were cherry flavored and in more than three quarters of 145 e-cig refill liquids (Behar et al.2016). Similarly, over half of 39 e-liquid refill cartridges tested positive for the highly toxic chemical cinnamldehyde, while methyl anthranilate was detected in grape juice flavorants, and 1-hexanol was found in apple flavorants (Behar et al.2016). Thus, a significant number and diversity of the flavor chemicals analyzed were of toxicological concern, and clearly deserve further study (Tierney et al.2016).
Food restriction reconfigures naïve and learned choice behavior in Drosophila larvae
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2020
Benita Brünner, Juliane Saumweber, Merve Samur, Denise Weber, Isabell Schumann, Deepthi Mahishi, Astrid Rohwedder, Andreas S. Thum
How does starvation increase the persistence of odor-fructose memory? To test if the naïve preference of larvae to odors or fructose is changed, we tested how 20 h starved larvae responded to benzaldehyde, amylacetate, and fructose in a simple choice assay (Figure 2) (Apostolopoulou et al., 2013; Neuser et al., 2005; Schipanski et al., 2008). For all three stimuli, we found no increase in preference by comparing fed and 20 h starved larvae. When benzaldehyde was used as a stimulus, we observed a significant reduction in odor preference (Figure 2(B)). Notably, benzaldehyde was also reported to be avoided in a study by Kreher and colleagues (Kreher, Mathew, Kim, & Carlson, 2008). It is, therefore, possible that differences in naïve odor preference are due to different saturation states depending on the respective handling and/or food.