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Common Medicines from Herbs, Minerals and Animal Sources
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Animals have been consumed as a source of medicine by humans for thousands of years. These primaeval practices were reported in the historical literature of the Mediterranean region like De Materia Medica of Dioscorides and carry on to be reported even in ethnobiological studies in the current era. Animals and their products have accounted for a considerable segment of the pharmacopoeia of the Mediterranean region. Simultaneously identified today as zoomedicinal remedies, a number of these ancient treatment approaches have existed in traditional medicinal practices of the current era and even get combined into pharmaceutical practices of modern times. The Ebers papyrus (an ancient Egyptian text) includes therapeutic discussions of animals and their products such as the glands of musk deer, the blood of lizards, the sperm of whales and honey among others (Bryan, 1974; Lev, 2006; Nunn, 1996). Animals have visibly played a key role in the therapeutic pharmacopoeia of humans for at least millennia. Nowadays, animal-based drugs keep playing a significant role in various traditional systems of medicine globally, as well as in recent pharmaceuticals. A few examples include ω-3 supplements of polyunsaturated fatty acids prepared by recognised fish oils (Costa-Neto, 2005) and ACE inhibitors from viper snake venom (Bisset, 1991). Some of the animal products that are commonly used as medicines are discussed in the following sections.
Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Animal byproducts are products directly obtained from animals and are used as foods and in some cases as medicines. The most consumed whole animal byproducts are milk, egg, and honey which are mainly produced by farmed animals. Fish oil, cod liver oil, and krill oil are byproducts of seawater fish and shellfish, and are destined for the preparation of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid dietary supplements. Velvet antler is a cartilaginous byproduct of deer, elk, moose, and caribou. In addition, edible bird’s nest and fish fins are byproducts of wild swiftlet birds and shark, respectively, and are employed as luxurious food for festivities in many Asian countries, and also for their tonic effects. Silk, skin, and fur are also animal byproducts used for clothing manufacture.
The FDA New Animal Drug Approval Process
Published in Rebecca A. Krimins, Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
Jacob Michael Froehlich, Alice Ignaszewski, Anna O’Brien
Many animal products are regulated by the United States federal government. However, the laws, regulations, and government agency which govern an individual product depend on that product’s classification. Under current federal law, most products administered or applied to animals are regulated as either an animal drug, an animal device, food for animals, a veterinary biologic, or a pesticide. Animal drugs, animal devices, and food for animals are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA-CVM). Veterinary biologics are regulated by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)’s Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), while pesticides are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of Macleaya cordata extracts in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Li-Xia Shen, Gao-Feng Liu, Ji-Shuang Song, Yu-Hang Cao, Xiong Peng, Rong-Rong Wu, Yan Cao, Xiao-Jun Chen, Zhaoying Liu, Zhi-Liang Sun, Yong Wu
Antibiotics as feed additives can prevent and treat diseases as well as promote animal growth, which plays an important role in the rapid development of animal husbandry (Haugan et al. 2019) . However, issues associated with antibiotic residues in animal products have gradually emerged, and they are now known to be a serious threat to human and animal health (Ashbolt et al. 2013; Zhu et al. 2017). In 2006, the European Union banned the use of antibiotic additives in animal feed. Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China announced a ban on antibiotics in feed starting in 2020 (Announcement Of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs PRC No 2020 2020). Therefore, it is very important to find substitutes for antibiotics in natural plants. Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) containing sanguinarine (SA) and chelerythrine (CHE) has been used as a veterinary medicine and feed additive in the animal breeding field (Psotova et al. 2006; Zdarilova et al. 2008). In 2004, MCE was developed as a natural feed additive in the European Union and listed on the plant list of the European Food Safety Authority (Ch. Franz et al. 2007; European Food Safety Authority, 2012).
In-use stability studies: guidelines and challenges
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
USFDA, Center for Veterinary Medicine published a guidance for industry on In-Use Stability Studies and Associated Labeling Statements for Multiple-Dose Injectable Animal Drug Products in November 2020 [9]. This guidance is concerned with in-use stability studies and associated labeling statements for multiple-dose injectable animal drug products where a product container is opened by needle-punctured way. For multiple-dose injectable drug products proposed for human use, the volume limit is of 30 ml for container. Unless otherwise labeled, a 28 day in-use period associated with multiple-dose injectable drug products intended for human use is there when supported by compliance to antimicrobial effectiveness testing per US pharmacopeia requirements. Multiple-dose injectable drug products for animal use have no volume limit and are frequently supplied in much larger containers. Moreover, some species of animal weigh less than humans and their individual doses are often smaller than those human use. Per se, more punctures and a longer in-use period may be appropriate to injectable animal drug products in multiple-dose container compared to human drug products. Certain drug products and their anticipated use pose specific challenges and will be handled on a case-by-case basis.
In vivo evaluation of the biocompatibility and biodegradation of a new denatured plasma membrane combined with liquid PRF (Alb-PRF)
Published in Platelets, 2021
Ezio Gheno, Carlos Fernando de Almeida Barros Mourão, Rafael Coutinho de Mello-Machado, Emanuele Stellet Lourenço, Richard J Miron, Karoline Ferreira Farias Catarino, Adriana Terezinha Alves, Gutemberg Gomes Alves, Mônica D. Calasans-Maia
The extended resorption properties of Alb-PRF have numerous advantages in a variety of clinical procedures. Furthermore, the additional processing adds only 10–20 minutes to the current protocol time for regular PRF. Based on these observations, it is possible to create a true “barrier” or “filler” biomaterial derived from 100% autologous whole blood, with drastically improved resorption properties. Furthermore, the ability to easily collect several vials of 10 mL blood samples makes this biomaterial extremely useful, especially for harvesting from peripheral veins at a low cost. It is currently being investigated in clinical practice for use during large GBR procedures in dentistry with a titanium mesh. Reports have demonstrated up to a 50% exposure rate of titanium [27–30]. While practicing clinicians have utilized standard PRF over titanium to minimize exposure, the ability to create a longer-lasting Alb-PRF membrane will likely provide additional clinical benefits. It also serves as an attractive biomaterial for a number of patients who wish to avoid using animal-derived products and prefer to be treated using more natural autologous solutions. Future clinical research will be pivotal to further understand the full potential and clinical uses of Alb-PRF in medical practice.