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Thrombophlebitis/Superficial Vein Thrombosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Thrombophlebitis is an inflammation of a superficial vein wall causing a clot, or thrombus formation. Most cases of superficial vein thrombosis occur in the legs (e.g., long or short saphenous veins) in association with varicosities. In the upper extremity, the condition can develop after use of an IV line or other trauma to the vein wall. Pain, warmth, swelling, and tenderness are often present over the clot site. Superficial thrombophlebitis is generally a benign and short-term condition. Symptoms typically resolve in one to two weeks.1 Most times, treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis is directed to managing pain and inflammation.2
Fascia and the Circulatory System
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Anita Boser, Kirstin Schumaker
Epifascial veins, those just below the skin, and deep veins, which are below the muscular fascia, are interconnected with perforating veins that perforate the epimysium and deep fascia. Valves within the veins function to guide blood from the superficial veins to the deep veins. It is estimated that normally 90% of venous blood in the legs returns through the deeper veins.29
Venous Ultrasound
Published in John McCafferty, James M Forsyth, Point of Care Ultrasound Made Easy, 2020
The two main superficial veins in the leg to consider are the great saphenous vein (GSV) and the small saphenous vein (SSV). Note that sometimes the great saphenous vein is referred to as the long saphenous vein (LSV), and the small saphenous vein can be referred to as the short saphenous vein or lesser saphenous vein. The GSV runs up the medial part of the leg towards the groin where it joins the common femoral vein (CFV) at the sapheno-femoral junction (SFJ). The small saphenous vein (SSV) runs up the back of the calf toward the popliteal fossa, where it joins the popliteal vein at the sapheno-popliteal junction (SPJ). See Figure 9.1 for the relevant lower limb superficial venous anatomy.
A review of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Oneib Khan, Ashley Marmaro, David A Cohen
UEDVT is much less common than lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT); registry data currently estimate that UEDVT makes up about 6% of DVT cases [3]. Historically, the annual incidence of UEDVT was estimated to be 0.4–1 per 10,000 [4]. A recent population-based study from France found the annual incidence to be on the higher end at 0.98 per 10,000 [5]. This could equate to as much as a 2.45-fold risk increase. The incidence may be on the rise with the increasing use of central venous catheters (CVC). UEDVT tend to appear in the proximal deep veins: the subclavian vein is most commonly affected (76%), followed by the axillary vein (47%), and the brachial vein (36%). A single vein is affected 38% of the time, but more often multiple veins are involved. UEDVT can involve other deep veins such as the brachiocephalic and internal jugular veins in about 28% and 56% of cases, respectively. Occasionally, superficial veins may be involved as well [6].
By word of mouse: using animal models in venous thrombosis research
Published in Platelets, 2020
Deep veins are large veins located inside tissues (as opposed to superficial veins). Thus, a model should be performed on similar vessels in the animal, ideally those considered deep veins, such as, for example, femoral or ileac vein. In humans, DVT develops in association with venous valves, which normally prevent backflow of the blood ensuring correct flow direction. Blood flow in the valves is turbulent, which results in prolonged time the blood stays in the valvular sinus [8]. Thus, the reason of thrombosis initiation is frequently (but not exclusively) depression of flow sometimes reaching the degree of full stagnation or stasis. Consequently, a model should ideally involve vessels that contain valves or at least recapitulate blood flow disturbance as a driving force of thrombus development.
Severe lower limb lymphoedema successfully treated with a two-stage debulking procedure: a case report
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2020
Adam Hague, Thomas Bragg, Melanie Thomas, Cheryl Pike, Karen Morgan, Amar Ghattaura
The first procedure consisted of placing the patient in the right lateral position. Following infiltration of the area with tumescent solution, an anteriorly based fasciocutaneous flap was raised over the area of maximal thigh bulk through a medially placed incision (Figure 2). Incisions were planned in order to allow maximal debulking of the problematic area but to also facilitate closure of the wound. Lymphoedematous tissue was excised from the posterior and superolateral thigh to the knee, down to, but not including the deep fascia. Careful haemostasis was required due to the presence of numerous large traversing superficial veins. Cell salvage was also utilised with the patient receiving 2.1 litres of blood in total. Due to the large volume of blood loss intraoperatively the decision was made to not address the medial area of tissue excess during this first stage. He spent 7 days in the high dependency unit (HDU) postoperatively where he initially required vasopressor support. He was taken back to theatre 3 weeks following this initial procedure to debride and close an area of wound dehiscence around the tip of the flap. During this time the lower leg was placed in class II compression garments with wraps around the knee.