China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Testing
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
The carotid arteries are located on both sides of the neck and supply blood to the brain. They can become thick, stiff, or blocked with plaque. This will reduce the blood supply to the brain, or a piece of the plaque could break off and go to the brain and cause a stroke (embolic stroke) (Figures 19.2 and 19.3) (28–30). Hypertension is a common cause of plaque and stroke, especially if there are other risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, obesity, or smoking. The thickness of the endothelium and the muscle of the carotid artery is called the carotid intimal media thickness (IMT). This IMT predicts future risk of CHD, MI, and stroke (30–32). Normal values for the carotid IMT must be adjusted for age and gender. A carotid IMT of less than 0.6 mm is normal to low risk, 0.6 to 0.7 mm is moderate risk and 0.7 to 0.95 mm is high risk for future CHD, MI, or stroke. The normal carotid IMT growth rate is less than 0.016 mm/year. The risk for a CHD and MI is 26% greater per 0.10 mm growth of the carotid artery IMT difference over five years. The risk for stroke is 32% higher per 0.10 mm growth of the carotid artery IMT over five years (30–32).
L-Arginine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Adjuvant Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation significantly reduced mean and maximum levels of right and left carotid intima-media thickness, compared to the placebo group. The effect of increases in intima-media thickness of the carotid is a sign of cardiovascular disease.
Hormone replacement therapy following myocardial infarction, stroke and venous thromboembolism
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
The unique studies carried out by Clarkson and colleagues investigating atherosclerosis in monkeys, demonstrated the capability of estrogens to retard or even reverse the development of arterial plaques9,10. In keeping with these results, Espeland and co-workers11 studied postmenopausal women with early carotid artery atherosclerosis over a 4-year follow-up period. Women taking estrogen showed a regression in the intima—media thickness, which was similar to the effect of lipid-lowering medications. During the same time, a placebo group showed a progression of the atherosclerotic lesions. Several studies on women undergoing coronary angiography revealed that the extent of coronary atherosclerosis among hormone users was relatively small, namely that there were less stenosed coronary arteries when compared with non-users of hormones12,13.
Systemic immune-inflammation index is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness in hypertensive patients
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2021
Ömer Faruk Çırakoğlu, Ahmet Seyda Yılmaz
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease, and hypertension is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (1). Although treatment modalities were enhanced considerably, arterial hypertension (AH) is still responsible for the majority of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide (2). During the asymptomatic period, noninvasive tests are recommended to define better the course of the CVD and the response to medications. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are the main underlying causes of cardiac and systemic effects of hypertension. The severity of these provocative factors is closely associated with future adverse clinical events. It has been shown in previous studies that the arterial intima-media thickness (IMT) is a marker for subclinical atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction (3,4). Besides, carotid IMT (CIMT) correlates with coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and has a predictive value for fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular adverse events (5).
Effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on ischemic cerebral small vessel disease and analysis of inflammatory mechanisms
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Liming Cao, Yi Guo, Zhishan Zhu
All hospitalized patients underwent MRI. The Siemens 1.5-T MRI system (Siemens, Magnetic Resonance Co., Ltd., Munich, Germany) was used for brain MRI, including T1- and T2-weighted imaging (T1-WI and T2-WI, respectively), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences, and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). An interval of 1.5 mm and 5-mm slice thickness were applied. The paraventricular and deep WMLs were scored based on the Fazekas classification method (0–6 points, see Table 1), and the total score was the sum of the paraventricular and deep WML scores (typical WMLs of different degree are shown in Figure 1). Cervical arteries were examined using an iE Elite ultrasonic diagnostic instrument (Philips, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), with a probe frequency of 10–15 MHz. The intima media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery was recorded and defined as the vertical distance between the upper edge of the intima and the lower edge of the media. WMLs were categorized as mild, moderate, or severe according to the Fazekas scores: 0, normal; 1, mild; ≥2, moderate; ≥3, severe. A single neurologist scored all WMLs.
Determinants of carotid intima-media thickness in asymptomatic elders: a population-based cross-sectional study in rural China
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Xuefang Yu, Bo Bian, Jinyong Huang, Wei Yao, Xianming Wu, Jingjing Huang, Jinghua Wang, Qing Yang, Xianjia Ning
Some previous cross-sectional studies have demonstrated a relationship between hypertension and increased CIMT by sex and in various populations [32,33]. Previously reported results from the ARIC study showed that, during a 9-year follow-up period, increases in intima-media thickness for individuals with incident hypertension were generally consistent and increased significantly by 3–10 µm per year, compared with individuals who remained non-hypertensive [16]. Another study analyzed 957 individuals (mean age, 65.2 years) from the Étude du Vieillissement Artériel study and found that high pulse pressures were associated with CIMT progression during a 4-year follow-up period [34]. Similar to these previous studies, the results of the current study suggest that the mean CIMT is 28.29 μm greater in elderly participants with hypertension than in those without hypertension.