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Inflammation
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Immediately following injury, hyperemia occurs and it is confined to the site of injury. Hyperemia is followed by a fall in blood velocity and, with mild injury, the development of stasis may take several hours. If the injury is severe, a complete standstill of the blood flow develops almost instantaneously. The vessels first affected are the small capillaries and venules in which the earliest change is seepage of plasma from the blood into the adjacent tissue and denser racking of the red cells. This change represents an increase in blood viscosity and accordingly, the blood flow gradually decreases until it stops completely. Thus, stasis appears to be the result of a severe injury to the blood-tissue barrier as a consequence of markedly increased permeability and rapid exudation of plasma. Platelets are the primary agents in the formation of hemostatic plugs arresting the bleeding from injured capillaries and venules. Quantitative defects in platelet formation or lack of their production can give rise to defective hemostasis.
The Vascular Morphology of Tumors
Published in Hans-Inge Peterson, Tumor Blood Circulation: Angiogenesis, Vascular Morphology and Blood Flow of Experimental and Human Tumors, 2020
It was found that hyperemia appeared within 18 hr after implantation and was progressive thereafter, so long as the tumor grew. Implants of homologous adult muscle tissue failed to produce hyperemia, indicating that hyperemia was not caused merely by the presence of foreign tissue. Heterologous tumor implants did not produce hyperemia, showing that vascular response did not depend upon the fact that the tissue was neoplastic. Homologous embryonic tissue, which grew for a time in the host, excited strong hyperemia that faded as the embryonic tissue finally regressed. This suggested that the hyperemia was due to the presence of proliferating cells. Tumor 1 from Bagg albino mice, when implanted in C57 mice, grows for a time and then regresses, leaving the mice resistant to subsequent implants of this tumor. It was found that the initial implants of tumor 1 during their short growth period produced hyperemia, whereas, subsequent implants of the same tumor in the same mice did not grow and did not cause hyperemia. It was concluded from the several experiments that the hyperemia surrounding transplanted mouse tumors was due to the presence of proliferating cells.
Signs of Pressure Sores
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
Levine et al (1989a) state that in addition to distinct erythema, reactive hyperemia is usually accompanied by warmth of the skin due to increased blood flow in the dermis. However, Goller et al (1971) suggest that there may be no correlation between the color and the temperature of the skin. The color of the skin is dependent on the amount of blood in the capillaries and its oxygenation while skin temperature depends on blood flow through it. Mahanty and Roemer (1980) investigated the dependance of the peak temperature rise and the time of its occurrence on the magnitude and duration of pressure application. They found that peak temperature rise increased as the pressure magnitude or duration increased. They repeated the study (Mahanty et al 1981) on paraplegic subjects to compare their thermal responses to those of able-bodied persons (figure 3.2). They found close similarity in results for paraplegic and able-bodied subjects and explained it by citing studies that emphasize the independence of reactive hyperemia of innervation. Section 3.3.1 presents some findings, using thermography, of thermal responses associated with reactive hyperemia.
A new look at the safety and tolerability of prostaglandin analogue eyedrops in glaucoma and ocular hypertension
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Andreas Katsanos, Ivano Riva, Banu Bozkurt, Gábor Holló, Luciano Quaranta, Francesco Oddone, Murat Irkec, Gordon N. Dutton, Anastasios G. Konstas
In 2014, the FDA approved another formulation of travoprost preserved with PQ, in which the concentration of the active ingredient was reduced from 0.004% to 0.003%. The regulatory approval came after a prospective non-inferiority multicenter study, in which patients with either glaucoma, or OHT were randomized to BAK-preserved travoprost 0.004% (n = 422) or PQ-preserved travoprost 0.003% (n = 442) [78]. Trial patients were followed-up for 3 months, with visits scheduled at week 2, week 6 and month 3. The safety profile of the two formulations was reported to be similar and no serious treatment-related adverse event was reported. Hyperemia was again the most frequent adverse event, occurring in 12% and 15% of patients in the 0.003% and 0.004% group, respectively. Although frequent, ocular hyperemia was judged mild in approximately 90% of cases. Other adverse events, such as eye pruritus, eye irritation, dry eye and photophobia occurred with an incidence less than 5%, with no significant differences between the two groups.
Sonographic findings of immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis and differences from Sjögren’s syndrome
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2022
Y Liu, Z Wang, L Ren, Q Zeng, Z Wang, W Bian, Y Zhang, J Fu, D Chen, G Yu, S Zhang, Z Li
Colour Doppler sonography has also received a lot of interest in recent years and was analysed in our study. Among the submandibular glands, increased colour Doppler signalling was demonstrated more frequently in patients with IgG4-RS, whereas the colour Doppler sonography of parotid glands revealed no difference between IgG4-RS and SS. Shimizu et al (12) suggested that the nodal and reticular patterns of IgG4-RS show high vascularity, while SS exhibits small dot-like vascularity in the parotid glands, which can make differentiation between IgG4-DS and SS much easier. However, Carotti et al (22) implied that the hypervascular pattern had already been described in the course of autoimmune diseases with exocrine glandular involvement. This probably represents a common and unspecific finding, as hyperaemia is associated with inflammation in this class of diseases. Whether the colour Doppler sonography is helpful for the differentiation between IgG4-RS and SS still remains doubtful. Further studies with a larger sample size may be required.
A multicenter, open-label study of netarsudil for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension in a real-world setting
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Fiaz Zaman, Stephen C. Gieser, Gail F. Schwartz, Cayla Swan, Julia M. Williams
Netarsudil was associated with manageable ocular tolerability and a low incidence of systemic adverse events. Consistent with previous findings15–18, ocular hyperemia was the most common adverse event and is a known vasodilatory side effect of ROCK inhibitors28. The vast majority of subjects reported tolerating netarsudil well; this was also reported by most investigators. Although approximately one-third of subjects experienced treatment-related adverse events (most commonly, conjunctival hyperemia), none of these were serious adverse events, and only 11% of subjects discontinued the study due to adverse events. The discontinuation rate is comparable to the 3-month netarsudil dropout rates from the pooled ROCKET monotherapy trials (66/494 subjects [13.4%]) and the pooled monotherapy arms of the MERCURY-1 and 2 trials (70/499 subjects [14.0%])29,30. Hyperemia was generally mild and sporadic, with only 1 case of severe hyperemia. Other common adverse events in this study with netarsudil (conjunctival hemorrhage, blurred vision, instillation site pain) are consistent with those reported in randomized, controlled netarsudil trials15. No new safety signals were discovered for netarsudil 0.02% in patients with OAG or OHT.