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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
High density lipoproteins (HDL): These particles play an important role in reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver, which is one potential mechanism by which HDL may be anti-atherogenic. In addition, HDL particles have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and anti-apoptotic properties, which may also contribute to their ability to inhibit atherosclerosis. HDL particles are enriched in cholesterol and phospholipids (112). HDL is also known as ‘good’ cholesterol because high concentrations of HDL usually correspond to healthier blood vessels and lower risk of atherosclerosis.
Dyslipidemia
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Total cholesterol is the total amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream. Cholesterol, while required in cell membrane formation, healthy skin, normal digestion, and steroid hormones production, can also be extremely harmful. The “good” form is also called high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and high levels of HDL protects against cardiovascular disorders such as myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. The HDL type carries cholesterol back to the liver. Ranges of HDL should be 40 mg/dL or higher. The “bad” form is also called low-density lipoprotein, and is related to increased risks for coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke. Excessive LDL in the plasma slowly forms plaques that may block blood flow and form clots. If this occurs in the blood vessels near the heart, it may result in an MI. Ideally, the level of LDL should be 100 mg/dL or lower. Control of LDL in the blood cells is mostly by the liver and intestines.
Osteoarthritis
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
There is evidence in the literature for overlap of the primary risk factors for OA with the clinical phenotypes (Deveza et al., 2017). Systemic risk factors include obesity, hyperlipidemia, and sociodemographic factors, of which sex is important. Due to their association with inflammation, a triad of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome is reported to directly influence the development of OA (Yoshimura, 2012). In fact, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with OA is 59% compared to 23% in the general U.S. population (Puenpatom and Victor, 2009). In terms of biological sex, compared to men women are more likely to develop hand, foot, and knee OA but are less likely to develop cervical spine OA (Johnson, 2014). In comparing cases and controls, hyperlipidemia was an independent risk factor for hand OA in a U.K. study, whereas other studies show that higher levels of HDL can be protective against incidence of OA (Vinna, 2018). Local risk factors which should be considered and which overlap with clinical phenotypes include ACL injury, muscle weakness, and various gait abnormalities.
Association between SLCO1B1 polymorphism distribution frequency and blood lipid level in Chinese adults
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2021
Q Mo, S Huang, J Ma, J Zhang, R Su, Q Deng
In addition to raised serum cholesterol, the risk of coronary heart disease is increased in people with mild to moderate elevated serum triglycerides levels [26]. It is now well accepted that triglycerides have independent effects on CHD risk. HDL can transport cholesterol in peripheral tissues to the liver for catabolic metabolism. The reverse transport of cholesterol can reduce the deposition of cholesterol in the vascular wall and play an anti-atherosclerosis role. High triglycerides or low HDL levels were also associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [27]. The results showed that * 1a and * 1b were the most common haplotypes in SLCO1B1. Those with genotypes *1a/*1a and *1a/*1b were at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) because they had higher triglyceride levels and lower HDL levels. The *1b/*1b group had lower triglycerides levels and higher HDL levels, so the risk of cardiovascular disease might be relatively low.
Myeloperoxidase: a potential therapeutic target for coronary artery disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Thanat Chaikijurajai, W. H. Wilson Tang
In addition to oxidizing LDL, MPO is capable of modifying high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the only lipoprotein that provides atheroprotective effects by transporting peripheral cholesterol back to the liver. This is also called macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, through the interaction between ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), G1 (ABCG1) and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) [48,55,56]. MPO binds to helix 8 and oxidizes apoA-1 at tyrosine residues, resulting in impaired ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages [57,58]. Interestingly, MPO can also oxidize paraoxonase 1, which is an HDL-associated antioxidant protein that binds to apoA-1, resulting in decreased atheroprotective properties of HDL [59]. Similarly, methionine and tryptophan residues have also been shown to be important targets for MPO-mediated oxidation reactions, which further reduce anti-atherogenic properties of HDL [60–62]. Furthermore, MPO-produced HOCl also causes dysfunctional HDL that competes with native HDL on lipid uptake via scavenger receptors on macrophages [19,63]. These findings might explain that the presence of dysfunctional HDL is responsible for an increase in cardiovascular risk observed among patients with normal or high serum HDL [6].
HDL therapy today: from atherosclerosis, to stent compatibility to heart failure
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2019
C.R. Sirtori, M. Ruscica, L. Calabresi, G. Chiesa, R. Giovannoni, J.J. Badimon
High density lipoproteins (HDL) are a major fraction of circulating lipoproteins. Epidemiological and clinical evidence has suggested the existence of an inverse association between HDL-C levels and CHD risk, although recently a U-shaped association between HDL cholesterol concentrations and all-cause mortality was found, i.e. both extreme high and low concentrations of HDL being associated with all-cause mortality risk [1]. A large clinical experience and basic studies have supported the concept that the antiatherogenic role of high HDL-C is mediated by the removal of excess cholesterol from the extrahepatic tissues, carrying it back to the liver for metabolisation, the so-called reverse cholesterol transport [2,3]. In this review article the present status of HDL and its pro-effluxing and anti-cell proliferating properties will be discussed, potentially resulting in an effective HDL therapy for, particularly, coronary conditions.