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Lifestyle and Environment
Published in Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
The French paradox (that coronary heart disease mortality is lower in France than would be expected from the high national prevalence of smoking and saturated fat intake) has been attributed to frequent red wine consumption (Mangoni et al., 2013). Red wine decreases aortic blood pressures and wave reflections acutely (Figure 26.9) (Papamichael et al., 2008). Studies with de-alcoholized wine have shown that part of the effect is due to alcohol-induced vasodilation (Mahmud and Feely, 2002a) and part to the high flavonoid content. The short-term (6 weeks) effect of red wine has been studied in postmenopausal women. Neither red wine nor dealcoholized red wine induced any changes in wave reflections and central hemodynamics (Naissides et al., 2006). Interestingly, red wine counteracts the deleterious effects of smoking on central blood pressures and AIx (Papamichael et al., 2006) and works in synergy with olive oil to decrease central blood pressures and AIx (Papamichael et al., 2008). Despite the extensively studied effects of red wine on central blood pressures and wave reflections, less is known about the effects on aortic PWV. Only one relevant study has demonstrated that red wine improves aortic PWV and has suggested that alcohol might be the most favorable vasoactive substance, since the alternative nonalcoholic drink did not induce any significant alteration in aortic PWV (Mahmud and Feely, 2002a).
Resveratrol-Loaded Phytomedicines for Management of Cancer
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Shakir Saleem, Ruqaiyah Khan, Sandeep Arora
Resveratrol is reported to possess multidimensional properties which produce salubrious effects like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-aging qualities (Wadsworth et al., 1999; Ray et al., 1999; Baur et al., 2006). It has also been found in red wine, and hence it is often hypothesized that resveratrol is the prime element behind French Paradox, the minimized risk of cardiovascular disorders in French people despite the high intake of saturated fats; which has been linked with high red wine consumption (Renaud et al., 1992). Jang et al. in 1997 reported that resveratrol inhibits carcinogenesis in a mouse-skin cancer model, and thereafter a resveratrol related publication became superfluous. A multitude of research papers have reported the anticancer potential of resveratrol in human cell lines, including but not limited to, myeloid, and lymphoid cancer cells, breast, skin, cervix, ovary, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, pancreas, and thyroid cancer cells (Aggarwal et al., 2004; Minamoto et al., 1999; Khansari et al., 2009; Barzilai et al., 2004). Resveratrol has a grand role in preventing cancer and affects different stages of cancer ranging from initiation and promotion to progression by interfering and modulating the diverse signal-transduction pathways that monitor cell growth, cell division, inflammation, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Red grapes are one of the best-known sources of resveratrol. Although it is not found in the flesh of the grape, 1 g of fresh grape skin contains approximately 50–100 μg of resveratrol. It follows that red wine is also a good source of resveratrol, where it is present at a level of approximately 1.5–3.0 mg/L, depending on the type of wine. Researchers have suggested that resveratrol may be partly responsible for the ability of red wine to lower the level of blood cholesterol and fats. Furthermore, it has been suggested that this may help to explain the “French Paradox”, an observation that those consuming a Mediterranean-type diet (including olive oil and red wine) appear to have a reduced risk of heart disease despite consuming higher levels of saturated fat (e.g., French cheeses).
Can the cavi-precipitation process be exploited to generate smaller size drug nanocrystal?
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Biswadip Sinha, Rainer H. Müller, Jan P. Möschwitzer
We have, however, continued to try other molecules to demonstrate experimental feasibility to generate sub-100 nm size drug nanocrystal. Resveratrol (RVT) has been selected as a model compound in this study. RVT is present in red wine (0.1–14.3 mg/L) and has been suggested as a possible reason for an unexpectedly low rate of cardiovascular diseases among the people from southern France, who consumes a lot of red wine, despite their diets contain a high amount of saturated fat; the so-called ‘French Paradox’ phenomenon [38,39]. A recent review of the published clinical trial results conclude that RVT has a beneficial effect in neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, however, RVT’s poor bioavailability was a major obstacle in most of the clinical trials [40]. The compound has poor aqueous solubility along with extensive metabolism in the intestine and liver which results in poor oral bioavailability [41]. On the other hand, it is not extremely lipophilic; instead, it is only moderately lipophilic with a logP value of approximately 3 [42]. RVT can be classified as a very weak acid with a pKa value of approximately 10, therefore, it is difficult to form a water-soluble salt of the compound. Resveratrol is highly soluble in many organic solvents. These properties make the compound an ideal candidate for the nanosuspension approach for improving bioavailability [43]. Though its effect in humans remained controversial, several research groups are working on the development of improved drug delivery for this compound [44], including the standard HPH process [45].
Nanotechnological approach to delivering nutraceuticals as promising drug candidates for the treatment of atherosclerosis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Sindhu C. Pillai, Ankita Borah, Eden Mariam Jacob, D. Sakthi Kumar
A famous concept formulated by the French epidemiologists known as the ‘French Paradox’ observes the low incidence of coronary heart disease irrespective of a diet comprising of high dietary cholesterol and saturated fats. An explanation for the French paradox could be due to the potential moderate intake of wine (Ferrières, 2004). The term nutraceutical is an amalgamation of the terms ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutic’ that comments on the discipline related to the health benefits of food and food products including prevention and treatment against diseases (Biesalski, 2002). Several clinical and pre-clinical reports describe the preventive nature of nutraceuticals on the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, however, to shed further light into the mode of action outlining their importance in the prevention of atherosclerosis studies related to their dose and mode of administration, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics should be carried out. In this section, we discuss a few of the nutraceuticals that have been implemented as a preventive strategy in the progression of atherosclerosis through extensive experimental findings and also shown in Table 1.
Ethanol and its metabolites: update on toxicity, benefits, and focus on immunomodulatory effects
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Brendan Le Daré, Vincent Lagente, Thomas Gicquel
There is evidence of an inverse correlation between low to moderate alcohol consumption (corresponding to one to two units per day) and mortality from cardiovascular disease; this gives rise to the ‘French paradox’ (Albert et al. 1999; Belleville 2002; Ronksley et al. 2011). However, high alcohol consumption increases the risk of mortality from other causes and wipes out the beneficial effects – giving results in a ‘J’ shaped curve for the relationship between mortality and alcohol consumption (Klatsky et al. 1992). At present, there is no consensus on whether the protective cardiovascular effects of ethanol are restricted to one or more types of alcoholic beverage drink (i.e. wine, beer or spirits) (Bau et al. 2007). However, many studies have found that wine had a greater beneficial effect on cardiovascular events. Rodrigues et al. (Rodrigues et al. 2018) found that wine consumption was associated with less harmful findings in cardiac structure. Wine’s particular protective effect is linked to the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hypotensive properties of polyphenols (Das et al. 2007; Arranz et al. 2012). In parallel, ethanol per se has been linked to elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, and reduced blood coagulation (Agarwal 2002). Moderate long-term alcohol consumption was also found to be associated with low blood triglyceride levels and elevated lipoprotein lipase activity (Kovář and Zemánková 2015). A review of wine’s metabolic effects has been published (Markoski et al. 2016).