China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Retinopathy (Hypertensive)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Hypertensive retinopathy is a condition that damages the retina of the eye due to high blood pressure. Chronically elevated blood pressure causes retinal vascular damage such as arteriolar vasoconstriction, arteriovenous nicking, and arteriosclerosis. More severe hypertension can cause hemorrhages, retinal ischemia (cotton wool spots), and/ or swelling of the optic nerve which requires emergency medical treatment. The primary goal in treatment is to lower the risk and progression of retinopathy through control of high blood pressure with medications, achieving and maintaining weight loss, and exercise. (See Hypertension.)
The Role of Flaxseed Micronutrients and Nitric Oxide (NO) in Blood Vessel and Heart Function
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and kidney failure, and reducing elevated blood pressure significantly reduces those risks. Dysfunctional endothelium and reduced bioavailability of NO have been shown in hypertensive individuals to be dependent on the duration and severity of arterial hypertension. (29) Both endothelium-independent and endothelium (NO)-dependent systems control blood pressure and blood flow.
Hypertension
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Primary hypertension is of no identifiable cause and has been described as “essential” hypertension. In most cases, it develops slowly over many years. Prevalence usually increases with age in most populations. However, in recent years, younger people have increasingly developed primary hypertension. Another name for primary hypertension is idiopathic hypertension. The disease often causes no symptoms until is become advanced and damaged various organs. Since it is a “silent killer,” people should have their blood pressure checked at least once every year. Warning signs for primary hypertension include many things that can also be attributed to other diseases, including blurred vision, dizziness, elevated blood pressure, headaches, nosebleeds, palpitations, and tinnitus.
What is resistant arterial hypertension?
Published in Blood Pressure, 2023
Evgeniya V. Shalaeva, Franz H. Messerli
Resistant arterial hypertension (RAH) is a high risk condition, leading to impaired cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes and increased all-cause mortality [1]. It is defined as above-goal elevated blood pressure (BP) despite the concurrent use of 3 or more classes of antihypertensive drug, commonly including a long-acting calcium channel blocker, an inhibitor of the renin-angiotensin system (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker [ARB]), and a thiazide diuretic. All agents should be administered at maximum or maximally tolerated doses and at appropriate dosing frequency. BP should be measured appropriately and the BP threshold for diagnosis and treatment goals should be in line with current clinical practice guidelines [2]. Patients with the white-coat effect should not be included in the definition of RAH as well as those non-adhering to the diagnosis of RAH [3]. Controlled resistant hypertension is said to be present when BP is controlled on ≥4 antihypertensive medications at maximal or maximally tolerated doses [1]. Apparent treatment resistant hypertension (aTRAH) is a term used when medication dose, adherence, or out-of-office BP is not documented or accounted for, and pseudo resistance cannot be excluded in a patient on ≥3 antihypertensive agents [1].
Hypertension burden, treatment, and control among people with HIV at a clinical care center in the Southeastern US, 2014–2019
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Molly Remch, Nora Franceschini, Thibaut Davy-Mendez, Michelle Floris-Moore, Sonia Napravnik
Prevalent hypertension was defined as meeting the study definition of clinical hypertension or elevated blood pressure prior to or within 90 days of baseline (1 April 2014 or initiation of HIV care at UNC, whichever occurred later). Clinical hypertension was defined using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)−9 codes 401.0-401.9 or ICD-10 code I10. Elevated blood pressure was defined as three consecutive ambulatory (i.e., non-hospitalized) blood pressure measurements ≥140/90 mmHg. This threshold is consistent with the Joint National Commission on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC) 7 definition of hypertension and the threshold at which medication treatment initiation is recommended in the JNC 8 (Chobanian et al., 2003; James et al., 2015). Incident hypertension was defined as having a new clinical diagnosis or having three consecutive ambulatory elevated blood pressure measurements (≥140/90 mmHg) at least 90 days after baseline. For patients with three elevated blood pressure measurements, we used the date of the third measurement as the event date to reflect clinical practice. We examined antihypertensive medications by class: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, calcium channel blockers, β-blocker, alpha blockers, central alpha agonists, or vasodilators.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in carcinoid tumor
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Thuy-Tien Ho, Venkatesh Aiyagari
Hypertension is a common problem and a risk factor for a number of conditions (e.g., ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage) seen in the neurointensive care unit. Extremely elevated blood pressure can lead to acute neurological complications. Tachycardia, tremor (indicative of hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, or sympathomimetic drugs), or dorsal and supraclavicular fat pads (indicative of Cushing syndrome) are difficult to assess in critically ill patients. Laboratory abnormalities including impaired renal function, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis may be attributed to other causes. Since the management of secondary hypertension requires the correct diagnosis and specific treatment, a missed or delayed diagnosis can lead to serious consequences. This patient presented with PRES leading to status epilepticus, which is a rare presentation of an ACTH-secreting carcinoid tumor.1 Several clues suggested the possibility of secondary hypertension—severely uncontrolled hypertension and the presence of PRES despite a short history of hypertension, hyperglycemia, persistent hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis.