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Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Bladder
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Allan Johnston, Tarik Amer, Omar Aboumarzouk, Hashim Hashim
During embryonic folding:The mesoderm is carried ventrally and forms a longitudinal ridge on either side of the dorsal aorta—the urogenital ridge.The urogenital ridge gives rise to:The nephrogenic cord → urinary systemThe gonadal ridge → genital system
Endothelial Cells of the Lung
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Anterior to the heart and ascending aorta, the trachea and esophagus are cut and the dorsal aorta exposed by pulling the heart, lungs, and associated tissue away from the spinal column. The aorta lies against the dorsal wall of the thoracic cavity and can be removed by careful cutting of each of the paired intercostal arteries as they branch off of the aorta. When this is accomplished, the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels can be removed from the chest cavity. The pulmonary arteries are cut distal to the bifurcation into the right and left trunks, the remaining lung tissue is cut away, and the tissue is placed in chilled medium on ice. Alternatively, the lungs can be left intact, and transported back to the laboratory together with the heart and associated blood vessels.
Dextrocardia
Published in Amar Bhide, Asma Khalil, Aris T Papageorghiou, Susana Pereira, Shanthi Sairam, Basky Thilaganathan, Problem-Based Obstetric Ultrasound, 2019
Amar Bhide, Asma Khalil, Aris T Papageorghiou, Susana Pereira, Shanthi Sairam, Basky Thilaganathan
Hyperechoic areas may be seen occupying all or part of the lung field, suggesting a high airway obstruction or congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM). The presence of cystic spaces should also raise the possibility of pulmonary sequestration or the mixed type of CCAM. The former is confirmed by the presence of arterial supply from the dorsal aorta with venous return which may be normal or anomalous. A clear collection of pleural fluid should raise the possibility of underlying chromosomal disorders, in addition to searching for other causes of cardiac decompensation.
Evaluation of developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of aqueous seed extract of Croton tiglium L. using zebrafish
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Thangal Yumnamcha, Maibam Damayanti Devi, Debasish Roy, Upendra Nongthomba
The micronucleus test was performed according to the protocol described by Ueda et al. (1992), with slight modification. Peripheral blood was collected from adult zebrafish by making an incision at the region of the dorsal aorta and inferior vena cava, just posterior to the dorsal fin. Then, the collected blood was immediately smeared onto pre-cleaned glass slides. The slides were allowed to dry overnight. After fixation in methanol for 10 min, the slides were air-dried, and then stained with AO, prepared at a concentration of 0.003% in PBS. The stained slides were covered with glass cover slips, and scored at 100× magnification under an epi-fluorescent microscope. The red blood cells were evaluated for the presence of micronuclei as described previously (Ueda et al. 1992; Çavas et al. 2005). The frequency of micronuclei in the erythrocytes of adult zebrafish was assessed after 2 days of exposure to AECT. The micronucleus frequency is represented as a percentage (MN [%]). For the purpose of analysis, 2000 erythrocytes were examined per slide. Since six zebrafish per concentration were used for the present study, so a total of 12 000 erythrocytes per treatment regimen were assessed. The criterion for the identification of fish blood micronucleus was based on the report of Al-Sabti and Metcalfe (1995). Small, non-refractive, circular, or ovoid chromatin bodies, showing the same staining pattern as the main nucleus, were considered as micronuclei.
Intra-operative vagal neuromonitoring predicts non-recurrent laryngeal nerves: technical notes and review of the recent literature
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2021
S. Van Slycke, K. Van Den Heede, K. Magamadov, J.-P. Gillardin, H. Vermeersch, N. Brusselaers
It is generally acknowledged that the absence of a normal RLN results from an embryologic error in the development of the sixth primitive aortic arch. The laryngeal nerve originates from the vagal nerve caudally of the sixth arch. Due to a normal regression of the fifth and sixth aortic arch, the laryngeal nerve stays caudal to the structures that develop from the fourth arch, i.e. the subclavian artery on the right side and the definitive main aortic arch on the left side. During their descent into the thorax, these arterial structures elongate the inferior laryngeal nerves and this explains their recurrent course. Due to the absence of the fourth arch, the inferior laryngeal nerve arises higher in the cervical region. In terms of the developmental anomaly, involution of the fourth vascular arch, along with the dorsal aorta, leaves the seventh intersegmental artery attached to the descending aorta. This persistent seventh intersegmental artery assumes a retro-esophageal position as it proceeds out of the thorax into the right arm and becomes the lusorian artery in the adult [7].
Internal carotid artery anomaly in oropharynx as a rare cause of sore throat
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Amira Nasser Al Hail, Nasfareen Zada, Ahmad Al-juboori, Asharaf Ayinikunnan
An anomaly of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is a very rare variation. Normally, the ICA develops from the third aortic arch and the dorsal aorta further up. In fetal life and in infants, the tortuosity of carotid arteries is common. With the descent of heart and elongation of the neck, the arteries assume the normal position. If the embryological state persists, it leads to tortuosity or kinking of the arteries [1,2]. In almost all cases, the anomaly was on the right side. This right-sided predominance may be attributed to anatomical influences and factors affecting blood pressure. Furthermore, the typical causes of peripheral vascular disease (i.e. hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and smoking) are probably also contributory factors [3]. Vague abnormal throat sensation or sore throat which is aggravated by swallowing is the main symptom, or the patient may be presented with oropharyngeal swelling [4]. It is important for otolaryngologists to recognize this anomaly because an abnormal carotid artery is at risk for fatal hemorrhage during pharyngeal procedures, both major (e.g. oropharyngeal tumor resection) and less extensive (e.g. tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy). This condition is often diagnosed on the basis of radiological examinations such as contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography, and digital subtraction angiography [3].