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The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
The spleen is made up of areas of white and red pulp. The white pulp regions congregate around the splenic artery and blood sinuses and are primarily concerned with the immune surveillance function and the production of lymphocytes, when required. The red pulp region removes worn-out blood cells, platelets and pathogens. The spleen has a very thin outer capsule, and any blunt trauma may cause the spleen to rupture, potentially leading to life-threatening haemorrhage. If the spleen is removed (splenectomy), its function is taken over by the liver and bone marrow.
Acquired Immunity
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The white pulp of the spleen has B-cell follicles and T-cell areas, whereas the red pulp consists of a rich network of blood vessels that remove old red blood cells. MALT is present in the small gut (Peyer's patch), respiratory tract (tonsils, adenoids) and urogenital tract.
The Scurfy (sf) Mutation, Chromosome X
Published in John P. Sundberg, Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities, 2020
The splenic red pulp is massively expanded by hematopoietic cells, leading to spleen weights that are two to four times those of normal siblings. The white pulp may appear enlarged or shrunken but, in either case, is composed of hyperplastic reticulum cells and lymphoblasts. Follicles and distinct marginal zones are lacking, and small lymphocytes are absent.
Glucocorticoid receptors involved in ginsenoside compound K ameliorate adjuvant arthritis by inhibiting the glycolysis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes via the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yating Wang, Xiurong Bao, Hao Xian, Fang Wei, Yining Song, Siyu Zhao, Yujie Zhang, Yumeng Wang, Ying Wang
Generally, a thin layer of synoviocytes in the joints of normal rats is observed. However, as RA disease progresses, synoviocytes begin to proliferate and are infiltrated by inflammatory cells. On one hand, synovial tissue pathology showed that the proliferation of synoviocytes in the AA group was increased compared to the normal group; on the other hand, compared with the AA group, CK (80 mg/kg) group displayed a reduction (Figure 1(D)). White and red pulps were the main components of the spleen in normal rats. The white pulp is an aggregation area of lymphocytes and consists of the central artery, the lymphoid sheath around the artery, and the lymph nodes. When inflammation develops, the white pulp proliferates to various degrees. The results of H&E staining showed that white pulp hyperplasia of AA rats was characterized by an increase in the lymphocyte aggregation area, thickening of the lymphoid sheath around the artery, an increased number of lymph nodes, and widening of the marginal zone. However, these symptoms were significantly mitigated after treatment with CK (Figure 1(E and F)).
PEG-conjugated bovine haemoglobin enhances efficiency of chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin with alleviating DOX-induced splenocardiac toxicity in the breast cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2023
Bingting Li, Jun Zhang, Ning Ma, Weidan Li, Guoxing You, Gan Chen, Lian Zhao, Quan Wang, Hong Zhou
The present results indicated that DOX-induced cardiac toxicity could be ascribed to histological alteration in cardiac tissue, which is surfacing in fibrosis and apoptosis. The DOX-induced cardiotoxicity may involve diverse signaling mechanisms including apoptosis, oxidative stress, calcium overloading, and mitochondrial dysfunction [66–69]. The incidence of DOX-induced cardiac toxicity increases with the elevation in the total accumulation of DOX during the treatment cycle [25,28]. The heart tissue is regarded as the target tissue for DOX because of the cardiolipin contained in myocardium, which is thought to have affinity to DOX, leading to the DOX accumulation in the myocytic mitochondria [70–72]. Furthermore, our histological analysis showed that DOX decreased leukocytes and macrophages in the spleen. White pulp contraction caused by DOX, lymphocyte and macrophage depletion, and red and white pulp deformation were signs of host immunosuppression and DOX-toxicity damage to the defence system. According to the aforementioned findings, PCBH may be able to mitigate the cardiotoxicity and splenic hypoplasia induced by both tumours and DOX.
The injuries of spleen and intestinal immune system induced by 2-Gy 60Co γ-ray whole-body irradiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
An Wang, Zhongyu Shi, Lei Wang, Yan Wang, Xiaoying Chen, Changhao He, Xiaomeng Zhang, Wenhui Xu, Qian Fu, Tieshan Wang, Shujing Zhang, Yushan Gao, Sumin Hu
Spleen is well known to be the primary immune organ, which exerts an essential role in nonspecific and specific immunity of the host (Zhang et al. 2019). It is comprised of two compartments, known as red pulp and white pulp (Blissett et al. 2017). The white pulp contains a large reserve of lymphocytes, and always be subdivided into three subcompartments: periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), follicles, and marginal zone (Cesta 2006). Due to the high sensitivity to radiation, lymphocytes could die within a few hours after exposure, initiating a series of damage in spleen. In this study, we found 2.0 Gy 60 Co γ ray induced a large loss of splenic lymphocytes at the first day after irradiation. Such changes resulted in a decreased area of PALS and follicles, and then led to the atrophy of spleen. Compared with the first day after exposure, spleens became shrink slightly at the third day, but the lymphocyte count did not continue to decline. This indicated that the spleen tissue did not show a depleted state after 2.0 Gy TBI, and the void period was not obvious. Moreover, a regeneration of splenic lymphocytes was observed on day 7, and the lymphocyte counts, spleen volume, index and structure returned to normal on day 21.