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The Scale of the Problem—Overweight and Obesity
Published in Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather, Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
Indices of central obesity, including waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-thigh ratio, body adiposity index and a body shape index independent of overall adiposity, were all found to be positively associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality in the general population in a systematic review of 72 published research studies.1
Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Brain and Spinal Tumors
Published in David A. Walker, Giorgio Perilongo, Roger E. Taylor, Ian F. Pollack, Brain and Spinal Tumors of Childhood, 2020
Ralph Salloum, Katherine Baum, Melissa Gerstle, Helen Spoudeas, Susan R. Rose
Survivors of childhood cancer should be routinely evaluated for height, weight, BMI, and blood pressure. A waist-to-height ratio >0.5 is another potential clinical screening tool.126 Screening for metabolic disease in survivors of childhood cancer should be similar to screening in the general population, that is, based on standard weight-based risks and symptoms. COG guidelines recommend checking fasting levels of blood glucose or levels of HbA1c and/or lipid profile every 2 years in individuals at risk of impaired glucose metabolism and/or dyslipidemia, respectively.
Maternal obesity
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Tahir A. Mahmood, Rohan Chodankar
It is widely accepted that being overweight is a major risk factor for a wide range of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type II diabetes, and certain site-specific cancers, including colorectal and breast cancers (35,36). Although BMI has traditionally been the chosen method by which to measure the body, alternative measures such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), which reflect central adiposity, have been suggested to be superior to BMI in predicting CVD risk (37–39). This stems from the observation that ectopic body fat is related to a range of metabolic abnormalities, including decreased glucose tolerance, reduced insulin sensitivity, and adverse lipid profiles that are, in turn, risk factors for type II diabetes and CVD.
Low awareness of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes in Swedish Primary Health Care
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Martin Bergram, Patrik Nasr, Fredrik Iredahl, Stergios Kechagias, Karin Rådholm, Mattias Ekstedt
When the group with a low risk of advanced fibrosis was compared with the group with intermediate to high risk, it was noted that cardiac arrhythmias and angina pectoris were significantly more common in the group with higher risk. The link between NAFLD and cardiac arrhythmias and especially atrial fibrillation is known [24] and the risk increases with concomitant T2DM and with more advanced liver disease [25]. The link between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease is well known, and the risk increases with more advanced liver disease [24]. There was also an association between higher risk for advanced fibrosis and malignancies. Previous studies have shown an increased risk of colorectal cancer in patients with more advanced liver disease [26]. Patients with higher risk of advanced fibrosis were significantly heavier, had a higher waist-to-height ratio and women with increased risk had a greater waist circumference. This is in concordance with previous studies showing that obesity, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio seem to predict the presence of advanced liver disease [27,28] as well as cardiovascular disease risk [29]. Cut-offs for overweight and obesity for anthropometric measurements are difficult to use for cardiovascular risk evaluation in a cohort with type 2 diabetes patients, because of the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in this patient group. Waist-to-height-ratio has shown promising results for cardiovascular disease risk prediction, with a cut-off of 0.6 for patients with type 2 diabetes [29].
Different Methods to Assess the Nutritional Status of Alzheimer Patients
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Magdalena Martínez-Tomé, M Antonia Murcia, Claudia Rosario, Miguel Mariscal-Arcas, Antonia M Jiménez-Monreal
On the other hand, Fritz and Loprinzi (17) observed that an increase in the fitness fatness index (calculated as cardio respiratory fitness divided by waist-to-height ratio) was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer-related death. Our results pointed to an adequate waist-to-height ratio in men and women, but a high BMI. Numerous interpretations for the association between BMI and AD-neurodegenerative processes leading to brain atrophy have been proposed. Excess adipose tissue is thought to play a role, perhaps via adipocyte-produced hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are known to cross the blood-brain barrier (18). It is possible that BMI directly contributes to the development of one of the two proteinopathies associated with AD pathology (19). Furthermore, adipokines have been suggested as having a strong influence and important functions in the brain, especially as regards synaptic plasticity, amyloid-protection and neuroprotection (20).
Longitudinal trends in the prevalence of hyperuricaemia and chronic kidney disease in hypertensive and normotensive adults
Published in Blood Pressure, 2020
Alena Krajčoviechová, Peter Wohlfahrt, Jan Bruthans, Pavel Šulc, Věra Lánská, Claudio Borghi, Renata Cífková
Men with the level of SUA ≥ 420 μmol/l, and women with the level of SUA ≥ 360 μmol/l were considered to have hyperuricaemia [1]. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation was used to calculate eGFR. Following the current definition of CKD, we included individuals with an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or single-time urine ACR ≥ 3 mg/mmol [2]. Early CKD stages G1 A2–3 and G2 A2–3 were classified by the presence of ACR ≥ 3 mg/mmol (A2) and ≥ 30 mg/mmol (A3) and either eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G1 A2–3) or eGFR 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G2 A2–3). Stages G3–G5 were only classified according to eGFR values: 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G3), 15–29 ml/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G4) and < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (Stage G5), regardless of the presence of other markers of kidney damage. Waist-to-height ratio > 0.5 was used as a measure of abdominal obesity. Arterial hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or current drug treatment for hypertension. Individuals with fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7 mmol/l or HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol or current treatment with insulin or oral antidiabetic medication were considered to have DM.