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Cancer
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Although BMI is commonly used as a measure of adiposity, especially in large observational studies, it is imperfect, particularly in the elderly and certain other groups. Waist circumference measures abdominal fatness, although it cannot differentiate subcutaneous fat versus the visceral fat linked to hyperinsulinemia and inflammation. AICR recommends a waist circumference no larger than 37 inches (94 cm) in men, and 31.5 inches (80 cm) in women (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018). Waist circumference thresholds signaling risk are lower for people of Asian ethnicity (Alberti et al., 2009; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018), and other ethnicity-related differences in fat distribution and body composition need research. Unintentional adult weight gain can also be a marker of excess body fat, and it is particularly linked with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research, 2018).
Risk factors – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Obesity is assessed by measuring both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Waist circumference is a good predictor of visceral adiposity, with abdominal obesity associated with an increased risk of a number of diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. BMI can be used to stratify treatment approaches (Figure 4.4). BMI >25 indicates a person is overweight. BMI >30 indicates obesity, whereas a BMI >35 indicated morbid obesity.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Endometriosis, and Female Infertility
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Mahima Gulati, Joy Brotherton, Jill Chasse
A recent meta-analysis of 19 studies showed that a high-quality diet was significantly related to improvements in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting insulin, fasting plasma glucose, BMI, weight, and waist circumference in PCOS patients.17 In this review, Mediterranean and calorie-restricted diets were found to be particularly effective in reducing BMI and body weight. The dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet was found effective in decreasing fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Calorie-restricted diets were effective for decreasing waist circumference. Dietary interventions resulted in a greater decrease in BMI than metformin. Both low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets were more effective than metformin in reducing BMI. Additionally, diet worked more quickly than metformin, with obvious advantages within 12 weeks.17
Effects of aerobic exercise on waist circumference, VO2 max, blood glucose, insulin, and lipid index in middle-aged women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
This study confirmed the effects of aerobic exercise by mediating for enhancing abdominal obesity, serum lipids, blood glucose, and insulin in middle-aged women, and it is meaningful in that it provides basic data to raise the level of evidence for aerobic exercise. Although the effect size of exercise was not large and varied among studies, 15 short-term studies significantly showed the reduction of waist circumference and blood glucose by integrating analysis. An advantage of this study is that the heterogeneity among studies is low at 0.0% or moderate at 50%. However, there are some limitations to this study. The sizes of the subjects in the selected studies were not large. There were only 5 studies of exercise intervention with more than 100 people and 3 such studies with less than 30 people. One of the reasons seems the difficulty in collecting participants and keeping them to perform the exercise. Since each outcome was analyzed in subgroups by the duration per session of aerobic exercise, only 3–4 studies were compared. We did not analyze the publication bias. Besides, all the studies were RCTs, but no double-blind studies were applied, and only three were single-blind to the evaluator.
Relationship between rotating shift work and white blood cell count, white blood cell differential count, obesity, and metabolic syndrome of nurses
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
In our study, age and the WBC count are the main risk factors influencing an overly large waist circumference and overly high BMI. These findings are consistent with those in existing literature, which reports that metabolism slows down as age increases. Increases in waist circumference and body weight are also attributed to insufficient exercise due to an accumulation of body fat (Cho et al. 2018; Stevens et al. 2010). The chronic low-grade inflammation caused by excess WBCs is indeed associated with body fat content; however, the mechanisms of this association are still under debate (Kim and Park 2008). In a study by Yu et al. (2019) health checkup results from 600 adults were collected and abdominal computed tomography was used to examine intra-abdominal visceral adipose tissue content, and a significant correlation was identified between WBC count and visceral obesity. Visceral adipose tissue is located in the abdomen and thus influences waist circumference.
Food and beverages promoting elderly health: six food-based dietary guidelines to plan good mixed meals for elderly South Africans
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Sanjoy Saha, Upasana Mukherjee, Makenzie Miller, Li-Ling Peng, Carin Napier, Heleen Grobbelaar, Wilna Oldewage-Theron
Lower energy density meals have been proven to be beneficial in the prevention and management of obesity. Reducing weight may aid in the reduction in the risk of all the associated co-morbidities like CVDs, diabetes and MetS as major NCDs in South Africa. Several components present in legumes stimulate gastric secretions, which delay gastric emptying and promote satiety. This effect may result in lower energy intake. Protein, fibre, resistant starch and phytates found in legumes increase satiety.92 Several clinical studies that investigated the impact of legume diets compared with diets with other protein sources showed a positive relationship between a legume diet and weight loss. Legume diets also compare favourably when compared with other energy-restricted diets.93,94 Legume diets including beans and peas have also been shown to have a significant reduction in the waist circumference in clinical trials.95