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Late-Gestation and Third Trimester
Published in Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, Ultrasound of Mouse Fetal Development and Human Correlates, 2021
Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz
The urinary system, comprised of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra are responsible for the production and release of urine (2). Mammalian renal development which includes the differentiation from pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros; the metanephros persists as the definitive adult kidney, and has a branched collecting duct system and many nephrons (3,4).
The Urinary System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The urinary system functions to remove waste products that are dissolved in the plasma of circulating blood and carry these products out of the body. The upper urinary tract consists of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (sometimes referred to by the acronym KUB). Excretion of the waste is carried out by the kidneys. The ureters are the primary ducts that carry the urine away from the kidneys and into the bladder, which serves to store the urine until a sufficient volume has accumulated. Then the urine is voluntarily expelled through the urethra to an opening at the surface of the external genital organs at the urethra! meatus.
Renal, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Functions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The urinary system includes the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra (Figure 7.1). The kidney is a vital organ with considerable cellular complexity and functional diversity. Its main functions include the balancing the body’s fluids, the removal of waste products and drugs, the release of hormones that regulate blood pressure, and the control of production of red blood cells. The remainder of the structures of the urinary system serve as the conduits for the transport, storage, and release of urine.
Estimation of parameters of inverse Weibull distribution and application to multi-component stress-strength model
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2022
Nabakumar Jana, Samadrita Bera
Multi-component stress-strength model was first introduced by Bhattacharyya and Johnson [3]. A multi-component system consists of n independent components having different strengths and with a common stress. Such a system is called a k-out-of-n system if it works whenever at least k-out-of-n system has wide applications to study the reliability of multi-engined system in a motor vehicle, multidisplay system in a cockpit etc. For example, in the human body, the urinary system consists of two kidneys and urinary bladder. The kidneys remove the urea salts and excess water from the blood and send the removals to the urinary bladder. This process will continue if at least one kidney works. The system is called 1-out-of-2 system.
A risk prediction model of urinary tract infections for patients with neurogenic bladder
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Wenqiang Wang, Peng Xie, Jing Zhang, Wenzhi Cai
Urine is a kind of liquid excrement discharged from the body through the urinary system and urinary tract for metabolism. Urine can not only regulate the balance of water and electrolyte, eliminate metabolic waste, but also reveal many diseases. Close monitoring the changes of components of urine can be a method for early detection of UTI. Urine PH value reflects the kidney’s ability to regulate acid-base balance. The body can discharge many acidic and alkaline substances through urine to maintain acid-base balance. In this study, Urine pH > 7 is a risk factor for UTIs, and gets the risk score of graded 85 points in prediction of UTI (Figure 1, Tables 3 and 4). To some extent, the detection of LEU can determine whether there is inflammation or infection in patients. In this study, LEU> 54.35/μL is a risk factor for UTIs (p < 0.001, Table 3), and gets the risk score of graded 100 points in prediction of UTI (Table 4). When UTI occurs, most of the urine is alkaline. The precipitation of urate、phosphate and carbonate, UTI and chyluria make the urine turbid. The most common pathological cause of urinary turbidity is UTI. In this study, Urine clarity (CLA) is associated with UTIs in univariate analysis, but multivariate analysis finds no significant correlation (Tables 3 and 4).
Pharmacokinetics of gallic acid and protocatechuic acid in humans after dosing with Relinqing (RLQ) and the potential for RLQ-perpetrated drug–drug interactions on organic anion transporter (OAT) 1/3
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Ziqiang Li, Xi Du, Yanfen Li, Ruihua Wang, Changxiao Liu, Yanguang Cao, Weidang Wu, Jinxia Sun, Baohe Wang, Yuhong Huang
Although drug therapy using RLQ alone is a feasible and effective treatment in patients with urinary system infection, it is commonly co-administered with antibiotics to enhance UTIs’ treatment (Liao et al. 2011). Ciprofloxacin has been extensively used alone or in combination with other antibacterial drugs in the empiric treatment of infections for which the bacterial pathogen has not been identified (Lu et al. 2016). As reported in the literature, ciprofloxacin is a substrate of transporters OAT1 (Mulgaonkar et al. 2013), OAT3 (Mulgaonkar et al. 2013), MDR1 (Zimmermann et al. 2019), BCRP (Haslam et al. 2011), OATP (Xiao et al. 2014) and OCT2 (Zakelj et al. 2006). The possibility of drug interactions is greatly increased after the combination of RLQ and ciprofloxacin. A previous study has shown that the concomitant administration of RLQ results in an approximately 70% reduction in systemic exposure to ciprofloxacin and an 89% increase in the clearance levels (Lu et al. 2016). The inhibitory effect of GA and PCA on the basolateral uptake transporters OAT1, OAT3 and OCT2 in the proximal tubules of the kidney would seem to increase the systemic circulation of ciprofloxacin (Vanwert et al. 2008), which is not consistent with the 70% reduction in the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin reported by (Lu et al. 2016). Hence the reduction in the plasma ciprofloxacin concentrations would be attributed to GA and PCA’s enhancement effect on the apical efflux transporters MDR1 and BCRP in the enterocyte, hepatocytes and renal tubule cells (Alvarez et al. 2008).