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Renal Disease
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Molly Wong Vega, Poyyapakkam Srivaths
The tubules of the kidney not only reabsorb 99% of glomerular filtrate; they are critical in maintenance of electrolyte and mineral balance and serve as one of the two vital organs in maintaining the correct acid base milieu. Disorders of the tubule therefore have varied manifestations. Table 20.6 gives some examples of such defects highlighting the protean manifestations.
PerformLyte—A Prodosomed PL425 PEC Phytoceutical-Enriched Electrolyte Supplement—Supports Nutrient Repletion, Healthy Blood pH, Neuromuscular Synergy, Cellular and Metabolic Homeostasis
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Bernard W. Downs, Manashi Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, Jeffrey Galvin, Steve Kushner, Debasis Bagchi
Kidneys monitor carbon dioxide and bicarbonate exchange in the kidney tubules, while the pulmonary system handles oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.127–130 The incidence of mortality in chronic diseases, i.e., pneumonia, infections (sepsis), and/or kidney failure, occurs due to an excessive and prolonged anaerobic/acidic metabolic burden and exceeding alkaline pH buffering demands.128,130–134
Introduction
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
The human respiratory system conveys oxygen-containing air into the body via inhalation and is comprised of the nasal and oral passages, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs (Figures 1.1 and 1.2A and B). The flexible and tubular larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes are kept open or patent by rings of cartilage allowing unobstructed movement of oxygen-containing air into the lungs with inhalation and carbon dioxide waste products out of the lungs and body upon exhalation. The cells lining the airways have microscopic hairs and produce mucous which along with the cough reflex help trap particulate matter and bacteria and keep the airways free and clear of obstruction. The nerves of the larynx also sense pressure caused by the inhalation of foreign objects including fluids and can trigger brief closure or spasm, known as laryngospasm, as an additional protective mechanism to prevent obstruction of the airway and further interference with oxygenation. The skeletal muscles between the ribs (intercostal muscles), and the skeletal muscles attached to the sternum, the diaphragm, and the abdominal muscles are all important structures in respiration, as they work to expand and contract the rib cage during inspiration and expiration of air (Figure 1.3).
Targeted drug delivery strategy: a bridge to the therapy of diabetic kidney disease
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Xian Chen, Wenni Dai, Hao Li, Zhe Yan, Zhiwen Liu, Liyu He
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening is considered as the earliest observed pathological feature in patients with DKD, which is appeared within 1–2 years after the onset of DM (Tervaert et al., 2010; Ponchiardi et al., 2013). Endothelial cells play an important role in the progression of DKD. With the development of DKD, the fenestrated ECs are decreased in diabetic patients, which correlates with albuminuria and the loss of GFR (Dou and Jourde-Chiche, 2019). Mesangial expansion, caused by Mesangial cells (MCs) enlargement and accumulation of glomerular matrix protein, is the most common renal pathological change in DKD (Reidy et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2019). On the glomerular capillary side of MCs, without the surrounding of GBM and podocytes, drugs can be delivered to MCs for treating kidney diseases (Scindia et al., 2008). Podocytes are glomerular epithelial cells which contain 3 separate elements: cell body, extending processes and foot processes (Garg, 2018). Podocytes injury in DKD is induced by many compound factors, such as inflammatory reaction, mechanical stress, oxidative stress, renin angiotensin aldosterone system activation, TGF-β1 induction, and AGEs accumulation, and any part of the pathway is expected to be the target of DKD therapy (Kawanami et al., 2016). The renal tubules consist of the proximal tubules, collecting tubules and distal tubules. The morphological and functional changes of the renal tubules are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of DKD (Duan et al., 2021). Most renal tubular targeted systems are directed at the proximal tubules (Christensen et al., 2012).
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel diarylpyridine derivatives as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Shanbo Yang, Chao Wang, Lingyu Shi, Jing Chang, Yujing Zhang, Jingsen Meng, Wenjing Liu, Jun Zeng, Renshuai Zhang, Yingchun Shao, Dongming Xing
Microtubules are hollow tubular structures composed of heterodimers of α-tubulin and β-tubulin, which have a variety of roles in eukaryotic cells, including maintenance of cell morphology, cell growth, cell motility, material transport, organelle transport, signalling, mitosis, etc.1–3 If the dynamic cycle of microtubule assembly–disassembly is disrupted, the mitotic process of tumour cells is affected, thereby inhibiting their growth and leading to apoptosis.4 Therefore, drugs that interfere with the kinetics of microtubule protein depolymerisation and polymerisation are an important class of antitumor drugs.5 Several clinical agents have been developed (e.g. paclitaxel and vincristine), but there are currently no FDA-approved inhibitors of microtubulin at the colchicine site. The development of microtubulin polymerisation inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site has, therefore, attracted the interest of many medicinal chemists.6
Predictions of inter- and intra-lobar deposition patterns of inhaled particles in a five-lobe lung model
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2021
Renate Winkler-Heil, Majid Hussain, Werner Hofmann
Flow-induced chaotic mixing of tidal air with residual air within an alveolus due to the rhythmical expansion and contraction of alveoli (Tsuda et al. 1995; Tippe and Tsuda 2000) was considered by a constant empirical mixing factor of 0.3, based on experimental mixing data (Altshuler et al. 1959) and an extensive analysis of total and regional deposition data. Thus if a particle enters an alveolus, it is randomly selected either to be mixed or not (Hofmann et al. 2008). The same mixing factor was assumed for the mixing of particles remaining in a given cylindrical alveolated airway after the end of the inhalation phase with the residual air in the region of the lung distal to that generation. These particles are relocated to a distal generation by randomly selecting an airway generation located between that generation and the last generation of that path. Since the alveolar volume is significantly higher than the tubular airway volume in the distal parts of the lung, this particle is placed in an alveolus.