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The Many Faces of Neoplasia
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
Transitional epithelium lines the renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. This epithelium is stratified like squamous epithelium, but there are fewer layers of cells and the cells are plumper. Cancers arising in the urinary tract are usually transitional cell carcinomas. They are typically papillary growths with delicate seaweed-like fronds.
The urinary tract and male reproductive system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Luis Beltran, Daniel M. Berney
The urinary tract comprises: The kidneys (see Chapter 14).The renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and urethra. These structures form a continuum that collects the urine from the kidneys and conveys it to the exterior. The renal pelvis is funnel-shaped and situated in the medial aspect of each kidney. The ureters are two hollow tubes that link the pelvises with the urinary bladder; a hollow muscular organ situated in the pelvis. The ureters transport the urine from the pelvis to the bladder with the aid of peristaltic contractions where it is stored until it is passed through the urethra during the voluntary act of micturition. This collecting system formed of different organs is seamlessly lined by highly specialized epithelium known as urothelium. Its histological appearance was deemed transitional between non-keratinizing squamous and pseudostratified columnar epithelium and ‘transitional epithelium’ has been widely used in the past to refer to the epithelium lining the urinary tract. Urothelium is currently the preferred term.
SBA Answers and Explanations
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury, SBAs for the MRCS Part A, 2018
Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury
The ureters are segmental muscular tubes, 25 cm long, composed of smooth (involuntary) muscle throughout their entire length. They are lined by transitional epithelium (urothelium) throughout their length. Indeed the whole urinary tract, including the renal pelvis and bladder, with the exception of the terminal urethra, is lined by transitional epithelium. The clinical significance of this is that the whole urinary tract epithelium is susceptible to widespread malignant change in response to carcinogens and, as a result, tumours of the urothelium are more often multifocal compared to other sites (the so-called ‘field effect’). Only the terminal (glandular part of the urethra) is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
Induction of bacterial cystitis in female rabbits by uropathogenic Escherichia coli and the differences between the bladder dome and trigone
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Manal A. Othman, Hicham M. Ezzat, Diaa E.E. Rizk, Amer H. Kamal, Ali E. Al-Mahameed, Ammar M. Marwani, Khalid M. Bindyna, Stefano Salvatore
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent infections worldwide affecting mainly middle-aged females who are likely to experience at least one attack during their life time.1–4 The most common organism responsible for UTI is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC).3 Acute UTI usually subsides with administration of antibiotics but with a frequency of recurrence approaching three or more symptomatic UTI per year.5 Recurrence has an adverse impact on the quality of life6,7 and serious consequences on renal function if it extends to the upper urinary tract.2 The transitional epithelium (urothelium) of the urinary bladder is characterized by having superficial cells called umbrella cells that act as a mechanical barrier against infection.8,9 During bacterial infection, some of these cells are damaged with loss of their barrier integrity function allowing UPEC invasion of the urothelium to form intracellular bacterial communities within the cytoplasm.10–12 These intracellular bacteria are not affected by antibiotics and will act as a nidus for recurrence and/or chronicity of infection.13,14
Conservative surgical treatment of a borderline ovarian Brenner tumour in a pre-menopausal woman with subsequent pregnancy: case report of a rare entity
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
Giulia Garofalo, Marie Chintinne, Dominique Thomas, Dario Bucella, Frederic Buxant
Brenner tumours account for 3% of ovarian cancers. They have a transitional epithelium and may be secondary to metaplasia (Aoun et al. 2015). Borderline ovarian Brenner tumours (BOBTs) represent 5% of Brenner tumours (Uzan et al. 2012). They are both cystic and solid and are characterised by irregular epithelial masses surrounded by dense conjunctive tissue. Neoplastic cells have low malignant potential and do not invade the stroma. BOBTs have an excellent prognosis. The average age at presentation is 50. Considering the low prevalence and the age at presentation, few cases are published on premenopausal women (Uzan et al. 2012). We report the case of a BOBT treated by laparoscopic unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in order to preserve fertility in a 40 years old woman who got spontaneously pregnant right afterwards.
Application of amniotic membrane in reconstructive urology; the promising biomaterial worth further investigation
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2019
Jan Adamowicz, Shane Van Breda, Dominik Tyloch, Marta Pokrywczynska, Tomasz Drewa
The innermost portion of the bladder mucosa is composed of transitional epithelium, basement membrane, and the lamina propria. Multi-layered transitional urothelium is organized into three layers: basal, intermediate, and superficial (umbrella cell layer). Basal urothelial cells are attached to collagen and an elastin-rich basement membrane [87]. Below is the lamina propria which is built from a loose ECM containing several types of cells, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, interstitial cells, and neurons. An outer layer of the lamina propria containing the vascular plexus, lymphatic vessels, and smooth muscle bundles from the muscularis mucosae. Below the mucosa, there is a three-layered detrusor muscle made of smooth muscle fibers arranged in a spiral, longitudinal, and circular bundle [88].