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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Follicular thyroid carcinomas are solid and encapsulated. Some have cystic features. Hemorrhage may be seen in biopsied lesions. In extremely invasive tumors, there is prominent extension into the thyroid or extrathyroidal tissue. Structurally, these tumors are similar to follicular adenomas. Most pathologists diagnose them based on total thickness penetration of the tumor capsule. Invasion is not related to capsule rupture from surgical manipulation, and pseudoinvasion is caused by biopsy trauma. Most invasive follicular carcinomas are large in size. If there is a solid or trabecular growth pattern, the tumor must be distinguished from poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clear cell cytoplasm is most common, with oval or round nuclei and small nucleoli. Cytoplasmic clearing occurs because of lipid, thyroglobulin, glycogen, and mucin accumulation. It is important to exclude metastatic clear cell carcinoma that arises from the kidney, parathyroid tumors, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. The clear cell variant may be more aggressive than the classic form of follicular carcinoma, but this is not proven.
Functional Anatomy
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
Trabecular bone is deposited along lines of load. When we expose bones to axial load (load along their length) we encourage bone deposition. This is particularly helpful for certain populations susceptible to osteoporotic stress, like post-menopausal females, the elderly or people who have taken steroids for long periods, which leads to bone de-mineralization. Functional exercise in the form of upright loaded movement is useful for these vulnerable groups because it stimulates mineralization along lines of stress and strain, keeping bones strong and healthy.
Biochemistry of Exercise Training: Effects on Bone
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Panagiota Klentrou, Rozalia Kouvelioti
Trabecular, or “spongy,” bone is less dense, yet it is considered more metabolically active than compact bone (21). It has a large number of rod- or plate-shaped trabeculae, which form a sponge-like network of small pieces of bone separated by fatty or haematogenous marrow. As a result of the high surface to volume ratio and large surface adjacent to marrow, there is a high turnover rate in trabecular bone (90). Trabecular bone is found in the vertebrae, pelvis, and ends of long bones where more movement occurs, usually referring to the joint cavities.
Effects of osthole on osteoporotic rats: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Bin Wu, Xiu-Fang Zhu, Xiao-Qiang Yang, Wei-Yi Wang, Jian-Hua Lu
Bone strength depends on bone mass and bone quality (Fonseca et al. 2014). BMD measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is the standard for diagnosis of osteoporosis and for determining treatment (Curry et al. 2018). BMD refers to the amount of bone mass per unit volume or area, i.e., the amount of bone tissue and bone matrix, osteoporosis is characterized by low BMD (Eastell et al. 2016). Trabecular bone volume fraction reflects the bone mass; trabecular thickness and number reflect the variation in bone mass. Trabecular separation represents the structure of trabeculae and is closely related to bone mass. Bone biomechanical parameters are the most direct indicators of bone quality and are used to assess the bone strength (Díaz et al. 2016). The results of this meta-analysis suggest that osthole improves the above-mentioned parameters and has a therapeutic effect on osteoporotic rats.
Oxidative stress and histopathological changes in several organs of mice injected with biogenic silver nanoparticles
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Shushanik Kazaryan, Lilit Farsiyan, Juleta Tumoyan, Gayane Kirakosyan, Naira Ayvazyan, Hrachik Gasparyan, Sona Buloyan, Lilit Arshakyan, Ara Kirakosyan, Ashkhen Hovhannisyan
Compared to the control group, in animals that were injected with AgNPs, there is a relative reduction of parenchymal elements. The main trabecular parenchyma of the tumour was atrophied and surrounded by a thick layer of fibrous tissue. Fibrosis indicates the active destruction of tumour tissue. In the tumour parenchyma, foci of coagulative necrosis and extensive cytolysis were observed. In addition, there was the invasion of the tumour in surrounding tissues, that reaches adipose tissue. In the periphery, there is a granulomatous immune response to the tumour with lymphohistiocytic infiltration (Figure 9). Statistical analysis showed that the parameter of tumour necrosis in this group was significantly higher than in the control group with sarcoma S-180, while the grade of metastasis was lower (p < .05). The rate of invasion and mitosis of tumour cells did not differ from the control. A similar picture was observed in tumour transplanted animals when exposed to the O. araratum extract (data not shown).
Effects of pre and postnatal 2450 MHz continuous wave (CW) radiofrequency radiation on thymus: Four generation exposure
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2022
Fazile Cantürk Tan, Betül Yalçin, Arzu Hanım Yay, Burak Tan, Korkut Yeğin, Süleyman Daşdağ
In the slices stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the thymus is surrounded by a thin capsule consisting of connective tissue. Trabeculae extended from the capsule to the parenchyma of the organ. The thymus formed lobules that had apparent cortex and medulla. The organ cortex was more basophilic due to developing T cells, while the medulla was stained lighter. In each lobe, the thymus cortex was formed multiple lymphocytes and reticuloepithelial cells. The medulla of the organ consisted of numerous mature lymphocytes, reticuloepithelial cells, and Hassall corpuscles. In all groups, both second and third generation, cortex, medulla and the residing cells were noticeable (Figures 5 and 6). Although morphological differences did not appear among the groups, vascular structures were remarkable when the second group of the fourth-generation was compared with the other experimental groups (Figure 7).