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Nutritional requirements
Published in Judy More, Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel making it more resistant to attack by the acid produced by plaque bacteria. Frequent acid attack overtime causes in tooth decay. The two main sources of fluoride are toothpaste and tap water. Teeth should be cleaned twice a day using a fluoride-containing toothpaste:up to the age of 3 years – a smear of toothpaste containing 1000 ppm of fluoride;3–7 years – a pea-sized amount of toothpaste containing 1000 or 1350–1500 ppm of fluoride;from the age of 7 years – use toothpaste containing 1350–1500 ppm of fluoride.
Case Investigation
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
Tooth enamel is formed at specific time frames during childhood. The amount of atmospheric radiocarbon determines the amount found within the tooth enamel. For teeth formed after 1965, radiocarbon testing was accurate in determining the date of birth within 1.5 years. Testing of enamel formed prior to 1965 was less accurate. Researchers used radiocarbon levels in the soft tissue to determine the year of death. Different than tooth enamel, soft tissues are always being formed and reformed, which means they are always changing based on changing environmental levels. Blood, fingernails, and hair are the most affective sources which are identical to atmospheric conditions. Thus, the levels in those tissues postmortem would indicate the year of death accurately within three years. In the absence of any future nuclear destinations, this technique will be useful for at least the next 10–20 years. Atmospheric radiocarbon is dispersed uniformly through the entire globe, so this testing should be accurate, regardless of its global location.2
Nutraceuticals for Bone Health in Pregnancy
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
The most outstanding calcium function is to build and fortify bones and teeth. When bone tissue first forms during the modeling or remodeling process, it is unhardened, protein-rich osteoid tissue. In the osteoblast-coordinated procedure of bone mineralization, calcium phosphates (salts) are deposited on the protein matrix. The calcium salts progressively crystallize into hydroxyapatite, which ordinarily makes up around 65% of bone tissue. At the point when your diet is calcium insufficient, the mineral content of bone declines making it fragile and feeble. Subsequently, increased calcium intake builds the mineralized substance of bone tissue. More prominent mineralized bone tissue compares to a more prominent BMD and to more prominent bone strength. The discrete arrangements of the calcium-rich hydroxyapatite crystals on bone tissue’s protein matrix contribute to most differing bone's mechanical properties. In tooth enamel, hydroxyapatite crystals are densely packed, making it the most mineralized tissue (greater than 95%) in the human body having incredible strength and sturdiness. The mineralized bone tissue in human teeth is so strong that back molars can withstand bite forces surpassing four hundred pounds pressure (Wang et al. 1999b).
Potential oral probiotic Lactobacillus pentosus MJM60383 inhibits Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by inhibiting sucrose decomposition
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Mingkun Gu, Joo-Hyung Cho, Joo-Won Suh, Jinhua Cheng
L. pentosus MJM60383 showed higher antagonistic activity against S. mutans than LGG. Generally, LAB was reported to inhibit pathogens by producing organic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins. Thus, the production of organic acids and hydrogen peroxide by L. pentosus MJM60383 was investigated. L. pentosus MJM60383 produced H2O2 (0.06–0.14 mM), which was higher than LGG (<0.015 mM). L. pentosus MJM60383 also produced lactic acid (13.89 ± 0.12 g/L), which was similar to LGG (14.05 ± 0.13 g/L). Although acid production by LAB may contribute to antimicrobial activity, excessive acid production may damage the tooth enamel and lead to tooth decay. As consumption of LGG was reported to benefit children’s dental health [38], lactic acid produced by L. pentosus MJM60383 (at a similar concentration of LGG) may not damage human teeth.
Saliva microbiome alterations in dental fluorosis population
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Shanshan Liu, Qiangsheng Song, Chenchen Zhang, Mengwan Li, Zhenzhen Li, Yudong Liu, Li Xu, Xiaofei Xie, Lili Zhao, Rongxiu Zhang, Qinglong Wang, Guojin Zeng, Yifan Zhang, Kai Zhang
Dental fluorosis results from the intake of excessively high fluoride levels through water, soil, brick tea, and coal-based sources via the digestive or respiratory tract, in turn impacting ameloblast development and altering the morphology and mechanical properties of teeth [9]. High fluoride doses can lead to DNA damage, mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptotic death, thereby impairing ameloblast function and disrupting the normal synthesis and secretion of enamel-associated proteins via the impairment of normal ER function [10–13]. When the enamel surface sustained mild or moderate damage, it can change in color, show streaking or the formation of spots, with the appearance of light yellow to brown plaques forming either in limited areas or throughout the enamel surface [14]. These changes can also increase the odds of use-related deterioration and impact chewing and digestive functionality, resulting in tooth sensitivity and other complications as well as presenting difficulties for tooth enamel bonding [15,16]. This can also adversely impact the intellectual development of children, with the most profound effects occurring in more severe cases of dental fluorosis, increasing the risk of developing autism spectrum disorder [17–19].
Effect of pH-sensitive nanoparticles on inhibiting oral biofilms
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Xinyu Peng, Qi Han, Xuedong Zhou, Yanyan Chen, Xiaoyu Huang, Xiao Guo, Ruiting Peng, Haohao Wang, Xian Peng, Lei Cheng
Dental caries is associated with orofacial pain and, when untreated, can lead to tooth loss and systemic infection (Kabani et al., 2020; Liang et al., 2020). Dental caries is a dynamic pathological process dependent on the presence of complex polymicrobial biofilms known as dental plaque (Takahashi & Nyvad, 2011). When the microbial ecological balance is disrupted, pathogenic bacteria produce acid from food particles aggregated on the tooth surface through a fermentation process, promoting tooth demineralization (Simon-Soro & Mira, 2015; Hajishengallis et al., 2017). Streptococcus mutans, considered the major etiologic factor of dental caries, is an opportunistic oral pathogen that resides in the multispecies biofilm (Kuramitsu, 1993). It can rapidly colonize tooth surfaces and establish cariogenic biofilms with extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) (Guo et al., 2016; Wang & Ren, 2017). This bacterial species can ferment sugars to produce acid and acidify the local microenvironment (Hamada & Slade, 1980). As a result, there is a steep fall in pH in dental plaque, leading to the demineralization of the tooth enamel and the development of tooth decay (Khara et al., 2018). Previous research has proved that the pH at active caries sites can be approximately 4.5–5.5 (Bowen, 2013). Therefore, it is crucial to prevent and treat early carious lesions.