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Antiangiogenic gene therapy: prospects for human application
Published in A Peyman MD Gholam, A Meffert MD Stephen, D Conway MD FACS Mandi, Chiasson Trisha, Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques, 2019
Mori Keisuke, Gehlbach Peter L
A number of minor variations in the technique of mouse tail vein injection are part of laboratory practice. As with all injection procedures discussed in this chapter, the animals are treated humanely and in compliance with the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) statement on the use of animals in research. One approach to intravenous injection is to anesthetize the mouse, keeping it warm with a heat lamp or on a heating pad throughout the procedure. The mouse is restrained with a standard holder and the tail is wrapped with a warm, moist application. The tail is then drawn over a finger, exposing one of the laterally positioned veins. The veins lie immediately beneath the skin and are visible. A flash of blood is noted with penetration of the tail vein by a 27-gauge needle. A common injection volume in mice is 100μl injected over 5–10 seconds. The injection site is compressed as the needle is removed to prevent escape of the vector-containing solution. Injection volume, injection rate, and the skill of the injector can introduce variability into the systemic distribution of the vector of interest.
Research Models of Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla, Heart Dysfunction in Diabetes, 2019
Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla
The half-life of streptozotocin in serum is 15 min58 whereas the half-life of alloxan is considerably shorter. In the body it was estimated to be less than 2 min;59 however, in vitro measurements of its degradation found a half-life time for alloxan of 0.9 min.56 The relatively short half-lives of these drugs is important because this effectively limits the route of entry of the drug into the body of the animal. Injections (i.m., s.c, and i.p.) of these drugs are not recommended since the drug may be significantly degraded within the body before it ever reaches the target organ of its action, the pancreas. This perhaps partially explains the observation that mice given i.p. dosages of streptozotocin, which would have been twice the lethal dosage if given intravenously, had very little toxic effect.60 The method of choice is i.v. administration of alloxan or streptozotocin. The tail vein of an animal like the rat is a fast, convenient injection site used by many investigators61–63 but the femoral vein,64,65 intracardiac,127 and other sites of injection have been employed without difficulties.
The Rat
Published in Francis L. S. Tse, James M. Jaffe, Preclinical Drug Disposition, 2017
Francis L. S. Tse, James M. Jaffe
Blood collection from the tail vein is a simple and rapid, nonsurgical method which does not require anesthesia. A relatively large number of serial samples can be obtained within a short period of time. However, this method is limited to relatively small sample volumes (⩽250 µl per sample). Although larger volumes can be obtained by placing the rat in a warming chamber, this procedure could significantly influence the disposition of the test compound and therefore is not recommended for routine ADME studies. Despite the common concern of relatively low regional blood flow to the tail vein, blood collected from the cut tail has been shown to provide valid concentration data for numerous compounds.
Promoted Generation of T Helper 1-Like Regulatory T Cells After Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Type-2 Diabetic Mice
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
Lei Jian, Yanqi Hu, Mingjie Gao, Long Shu
On post-MCAO day 3 and 5, mice were anesthetized by inhalation of 2.0% isoflurane. Peripheral blood was collected from the tail vein. Erythrocytes were removed by incubating cells in red blood cell lysis buffer (Beyotime) for 5 minutes at room temperature. Blood leukocytes were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and placed on ice before analysis. Each mouse was then trans-cardially perfused with 10 ml of ice-cold PBS. The ipsilateral hemisphere was taken, minced into small pieces, and digested at 37°C for 30 minutes in 1 ml of RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/ml collagenase IV, 100 µg/ml DNase I, and 5 mM CaCl2. The digested hemisphere was pressed through a 70-µm cell strainer and mixed with 4 volumes of 30% percoll (Beyotime). The mixture was placed onto an equal volume of 70% percoll, followed by centrifugation at 500×g for 15 minutes at room temperature. Immune cells floating at the 30% percoll-70% percoll interface were collected and suspended in PBS. In some experiments, enriched blood leukocytes and ipsilateral immune cells were suspended at the density of 1 × 105/ml in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), followed by stimulation with 20 ng/ml phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus 1 μg/ml ionomycin and 10 μg/ml brefeldin A (All from Sigma-Aldrich) for 3 hours. After that, cells were subjected to flow cytometry analysis as described below.
Sex- and stress-dependent effects of a single injection of ketamine on open field and forced swim behavior
Published in Stress, 2021
Paul J. Fitzgerald, Savannah K. Kounelis-Wuillaume, Ali Gheidi, Jonathan D. Morrow, Joanna L. Spencer-Segal, Brendon O. Watson
Thirty minutes after the ketamine or vehicle injection, mice were warmed for 1–2 min under an infrared lamp to dilate the tail veins. Each mouse was secured in a tail vein restrainer (Braintree Scientific, Cambridge, MA), tail vein identified, and the area was cleaned with ethanol and incised using a razor blade. The tail vein was accessed using a small-gauge needle, and blood was collected using Microvette collection tubes (Braintree Scientific, Cambridge, MA) within 60 s of tail vein incision. Pressure was applied to achieve hemostasis before returning the mouse to its homecage. The blood samples were later centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min to separate plasma. Corticosterone was measured from plasma using the DetectX Corticosterone Enzyme Immunoassay Kit (Arbor Assays, Ann Arbor, MI). One male mouse and two female mice had inadequate sample volume for analysis.
Edible Sword Bean Extract Induces Apoptosis in Cancer Cells In Vitro and Inhibits Ascites and Solid Tumor Development In Vivo
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Prathapan Abeesh, Rajan Radha Rasmi, Chandrasekharan Guruvayoorappan
Male Balb/c mice (20–25 g) were randomly divided in to four groups (n = 6/group). Group I served as normal untreated group. Group II, III and IV animals were injected with DLA cells (1 × 106 cells). Group II served as tumor control whereas group III and IV were administered with cyclophosphamide (standard drug; 10 mg/kg B.wt.) and sword bean extract (10 mg/kg B.wt.), respectively for 10 consecutive days starting from the same day of tumor induction (Figure 1a). Body weight was recorded every third day till day 15. Blood was collected by tail vein bleeding (on day, 10 and 15). Three animals from each group were euthanized by cervical dislocation on day 10 and day 15. Peritoneal fluid was aspirated and used for biochemical estimation and DNA fragmentation assay. The liver was dissected out, washed with physiological saline (pH 7.2) and a portion of the liver was subjected for histopathological analysis.