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Brainstem and Cardiovascular Regulation
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
Ching-Jiunn Tseng, Che-Se Tung
The sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord between C8 and L4 (Henry and Calaresu, 1972; Oldfield and McLachlan, 1981), but a small number are located in the nueleus intercalatus of the spinal thoracic and lumbar segment. Their efferent fibers synapse with the postganglionic neurons in sympathetic ganglia, which innervate the heart and smooth muscles of vessels.
Nervous System
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Mark T. Butt, Alys Bradley, Robert Sills
The anatomy of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic component of the nervous system has been previously described. Evaluation of at least one sympathetic ganglia may reveal changes such as neuronal atrophy, neuronal loss, neuronal vacuolation, or glial changes. The cervicothoracic ganglion (formed by a fusion of the caudal most cervical ganglion and the cranial most thoracic ganglion) is often harvested with the spinal column and therefore may be available for dissection and evaluation. The preponderance of published investigations targeted at sympathetic ganglia appears to include the cranial/superior cervical ganglion. Effective harvest of this ganglion, located deep to the bifurcation of the carotid artery on each side, is best performed before the head is removed from the neck. The cranial/superior mesenteric ganglion is located near the left adrenal gland where the cranial mesenteric artery leaves the aorta. Any of these three ganglia are readily harvested and sectioned.
Anatomy of RSD
Published in Hooshang Hooshmand, Chronic Pain, 2018
The sympathetic ganglia are positioned in the anterolateral area of the vertebral column. In the cervical spine region they are anterior to the transverse processes; in the thoracic spine region, they are anterior to the head of the ribs; in the abdominal region, they are lateral to the vertebral bodies; and in the pelvic region they are in front of the sacrum. The prevertebral ganglia up and down the spine have rich connection across the midline (Figure 34), and there is a tendency for fusion of the ganglia. As a result, there is no clear–cut single ganglion for every segment of the sympathetic nervous system.
Histopathology of the Conduction System in Long QT Syndrome
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Alexandra Rogers, Rachel Taylor, Janet Poulik, Bahig M. Shehata
Similar findings were discovered by Bos, Johannisson and Djonlagic in 1985 when examining fatal cases of LQTS in two women aged 20 and 31 [12]. In the SA node, significant fibrosis with minor fatty infiltration lead to disintegration and reduction of conductive tissue and bundles of conduction fibers. The AV node also demonstrated marked reduction of conductive tissue, however this was replaced mostly by adipose tissue instead of fatty infiltration [12]. Interestingly, this study also found inflammatory infiltrates in the sympathetic ganglia of both patients. Based on comparison to 100 randomly selected autopsies, which only demonstrated infiltrations in one patient with ganglion-invading cancer, Bos, Johannisson and Djonlagic determined the inflammatory infiltrates to be characteristic for LQTS [12]. These inflammatory changes are significant, as they may contribute to the onset of arrhythmias and the stratification of clinical severity classically seen in LQTS [12]. We did not discover any similar inflammatory markers in our three pediatric cases of LQTS.
The authors respond
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Given the chronic nature of psychiatric illnesses with the risk of acute flare-ups, TC has a higher recurrence in these patients.8,9 As such, a patient-centered multidisciplinary approach including a primary care physician, cardiologist, and psychiatrist should be emphasized in the care of these patients with close follow-up to avoid further acute psychiatric attacks and decrease the rate of TC recurrence. Our patient did not have recurrence after her initial episode of TC. Therefore, invasive treatments including sympathetic ganglion blockade were avoided and not considered at the time. Unfortunately, there are no current trials evaluating the treatment of TC, and guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure is the current standard of care for TC patients.
Vesalius criticism on Galen’s musculoskeletal anatomy
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2019
Konstantinos Markatos, Dimitrios Chytas, Georgios Tsakotos, Marianna Karamanou, Maria Piagkou, Elizabeth Johnson
Neurology was the best feature of his anatomical work. Most of the gross structures of the brain were classified by him. He knew the seven pairs of cranial nerves, the cervical, brachial and lumbar sacral plexuses. The sympathetic ganglia were described by him as reinforcers of the nerves. His myology was based mainly on the study of the ape. He understood the difference between origin and insertion, and was aware of muscles’ functions. Among his brilliant experiments were the demonstrations of the function of the laryngeal nerves, the motor and sensory functions of the spinal nerve roots, and the effect of transverse incision and spinal cord hemisection. Galen showed that arteries contained blood and not air and was close to discovering the blood circulation. He is considered as the founder of experimental physiology [4–7].