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Facial anatomy
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
The neck contains some 300 lymph nodes, the two most important groups to know are the submental and submandibular nodes, to which a large proportion of lymphatics in the head drain: Submental lymph nodes: These are found under the chin between the two anterior bellies of the digastric muscles. Afferent drainage is from the lower lip, floor of the mouth and the tip of the tongue; afferent drainage is split between the submandibular lymph nodes and the deep cervical lymph nodes.Submandibular lymph nodes: These nodes are located beneath the mandible within the submandibular triangle. Their afferent drainage comes the cheeks, lateral nose, lips, gums and part of the tongue; it includes efferent drainage from the submental and many of the facial lymph nodes. Their efferent drainage is to the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Salivary Gland Anatomy
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
The submandibular lymph nodes lie adjacent at the medial aspect and anterior end of the superficial part and sometimes within the gland itself. Lymphatics drain into the deep cervical group, particularly the jugulo-omohyoid nodes.
Tumors of the Nasal Cavity in Nondomesticated Animals
Published in Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
Richard J. Montau, Marion G. Valerio, John C. Harshbarger
Grossly, the tumor filled the entire right nasal cavity, deviating but not invading the septum and compressing the left nasal cavity. The tumor tissue was friable, gray, slightly hyperemic, and granular. It penetrated the ethmoid plate and extended into the right side of the cerebrum. The medial wall of the right orbit and the dorsal wall of the nasal cavity were eroded by the tumor. The turbinate of the right side was present and a portion of its surface was uninvolved, while the remainder was adhered to the tumor. The right submandibular lymph node was enlarged and contained tumor.
Intra-arterial chemotherapy for rhabdomyosarcoma
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2021
Hunter R. Greer, Darren B. Orbach, Torunn I. Yock, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Adam L. Green
After four weeks of the new regimen of cisplatin/doxorubicin, the patient’s pain and ptosis improved. The only side effects of note were mild hematochezia, thought to be due to mucositis, and some left ear tinnitus. Labs at this point were significant for leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and profound neutropenia (ANC 0); hemoglobin was preserved. PET and computed tomography (CT) scans after two cycles showed marked interval improvement in the appearance of the tumor. There was no active disease at the primary site and only mild tracer uptake in the submandibular lymph nodes. A chest CT did not show any evidence of metastatic disease, and PET-CT of the head and neck showed evidence of tumor necrosis (Figure 1a,b). The intracranial portion of the tumor was smaller. Based on these imaging findings, it was concluded that the tumor was responding well to IA chemotherapy in conjunction with oral chemotherapy. The tinnitus was attributed to IA cisplatin, with doxorubicin and etoposide felt to be playing less of a role, while all were felt to be contributing to myelosuppression. Following these imaging studies, it was determined to space IA chemotherapy treatments to every 3 weeks and decrease cisplatin dose by 50% to decrease toxicity, as well as to hold etoposide to improve cell counts.
Pefloxacin induced changes in serotonergic innervation and mast cell number in rat salivary glands
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Boglárka Emese Skopkó, Ádám Deák, Clara Matesz, Barna Kelentey, Tímea Bácskai
The parotid and sublingual glands were prepared and removed under the stereomicroscope (Greene 1959). The sublingual and submandibular glands have a common connective tissue capsule on the anterior cervical region. The sublingual gland is smaller and located on the latero-anterior part of this complex and bordered medially by the submandibular lymph nodes. Both glands have separate excretory ducts and their openings can be found on the parafrenular area of plica sublingualis. A small portion of multilocular adipose tissue is located between the submandibular-sublingual complex and parotid gland (Amano et al.2012; Greene 1959). The parotid gland is found anteroinferior to the external ear and bordered caudally by the submandibular gland. It is encapsulated with subcutaneous adipose tissue (Amano et al.2012). The parotid duct opens in the oral cavity on the buccal mucosa towards the upper molars (Amano et al.2012, Greene 1959) (Figure 1).
Pedunculated poorly differentiated papillary sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid
Published in Orbit, 2020
Devjyoti Tripathy, Nandini Bothra, Ruchi Mittal
A 79-year-old male presented with a large hanging mass of the left upper eyelid with active bleeding. He had been treated conservatively for a chalazion for over a year. A rapidly progressive lesion had grown at the site over the past 6 months. The mass appeared reddish-pink, was attached by a peduncle to the upper tarsal plate and had an inferiorly necrotic, ulcerated, and actively bleeding surface (Figure 1a). The lid margin was spared, the tarsal plate was non-indurated on palpation, and no obvious eyelash loss was evident. Ipsilateral submandibular lymph nodes were enlarged, firm and slightly knobbly. A palliative mass excision was performed to address the immediate discomfort from continuous bleeding and the lymph nodes were subjected to fine needle aspiration biopsy. Gross pathology showed hemorrhagic necrosis of the mass (Figure 1b, inset). Histopathology showed an extensive papillary architecture (Figure 1b). The papillae had prominent fibrovascular cores (Figure 1c) with a cribriform and glandular arrangement of anaplastic cells (Figure 1d) with brisk mitoses, necrosis and vascular invasion. Immunohistochemistry was positive for epithelial membrane antigen (Figure 1e) and adipophilin (Figure 1f) thereby confirming a diagnosis of sebaceous gland carcinoma. Lymph node aspirate cytology confirmed metastatic involvement. Further systemic metastatic work up also detected presence of brain metastases.