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Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)/Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Squamous cell carcinoma develops in the small, flat squamous cells that make up the middle and outer layers of the skin. SCC typically develops into small, red, rounded skin tumors that can be flat or raised. They tend to grow slowly and may ulcerate. Most of these cancers can be cured with fairly minor surgery and other types of local treatments.1
Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
The transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder are superficial and well differentiated, growing outward. They are subclassified as papillary carcinomas. They invade early and then metastasize. Approximately 40% of transitional cell carcinomas recur at the same site in the bladder, or in another site – especially if they are large. Bladder cancer often metastasizes to the lungs, liver, intestines, bones, and lymph nodes. Some of these tumors may be linked to faster progression and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Squamous cell carcinoma has cells that similar to the flat cells of the skin. The squamous cells have intracellular bridges, keratohyalin granules, and pearls. They must be distinguished from urothelial cancer that has squamous differentiation.
Radiation Damage of Skin and Mucous Membrane
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
Changes in the mucous membrane after irradiation are characterized by the development of radiation mucositis, which generally appears earlier than radiation dermatitis. The mucositis initially appears as patchy and later spreads over the entire irradiated area. At the end of radiation therapy, varying degrees of squamous cell metaplasia and hyperplasia may be seen. Occasionally, ulceration may be observed. Neoplasms of the laryngopharynx following irradiation may develop as a late effect.
Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Candidate Biomarker in Gynecologic Malignancies: A Meta-analysis
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2022
Dipayan Roy, Anupama Modi, Purvi Purohit, Manoj Khokhar, Manu Goyal, Shailja Sharma, Puneet Setia, Antonio Facciorusso, Praveen Sharma
Serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125) has been in use as a biomarker for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC), but its sensitivity as an independent marker is suboptimal in early-stage post-menopausal women (3–5). Endometrial cancer incidence is on the rise worldwide. Early diagnosis can significantly improve its outcome as 5-year survival is >90% in early-stage disease. Existing markers (e.g., leptin, adiponectin, and prolactin) for detection or monitoring are subject to hormonal and metabolic alterations and not unique to cancer development (6). Also, cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of female cancer-related mortality. Although the conventional tumor marker, squamous cell carcinoma is a useful prognostic marker, its role in early diagnosis is limited (7).
Post-recurrence survival analysis of patients with pulmonary recurrence from gynaecologic cancers: a multi-institutional analysis of 122 patients
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Burak Ersak, Serra Akar, Gökhan Demirayak, Abdurrahman Alp Tokalioğlu, Okan Aytekin, Caner Çakir, Dilek Yüksel, Nedim Tokgözoğlu, Sema Karakaş, Ayşe Büşra Önder, Fatih Çelik, Sevgi Ayhan, Mehmet Ünsal, Nurettin Boran, Fatih Kiliç, Günsu Kimyon Cömert, Işın Üreyen, Tayfun Toptaş, Vakkas Korkmaz, İsa Aykut Özdemir, Tolga Taşçi, Osman Türkmen, Özlem Moraloğlu Tekin, Yaprak Engin-Üstün, Taner Turan
To our knowledge, the current study is the first to specifically investigate PRS and recurrence patterns among all gynaecologic epithelial cancers. In this multicentre study, salvage chemotherapy and tumour type were related to PRS. Multivariate analysis showed that non-SCC was an independent prognostic factor for improved PRS. The risk of death is 3.7 times higher in patients with SCC compared with patients with non-SCC. Although previous studies have shown that the squamous cell type has a similar (Anraku et al. 2004) or better (Yamamoto et al. 2004; Adachi et al. 2015) prognosis than the non-squamous type, interestingly, our study identified a different result from previous studies. Anraku et al. (2004) reported a 5-year survival rate after pulmonary metastasectomy with cervical cancer patients and showed that SCC had similar survival rates comparing to non-SCC (Anraku et al. 2004). Yoshida et al. (2017) investigated PRS among recurrent cervical cancer and obtained similar results. Conversely, Yamamoto et al. (2004) reported better 5-year DFS rates in patients with the squamous subtype than the non-squamous subtype among patients with cervical cancer. In the study by Adachi et al. (2015), the 5-year survival rate was found to be shorter among patients who had pulmonary metastasectomy with SCC when compared with patients who had pulmonary metastasectomy with non-SCC.
Chronic Psychological Stress Attenuates the Efficacy of anti-PD-L1 Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Qidong Zhou, Zhiyu Qian, Weihong Ding, Guangliang Jiang, Chuanyu Sun, Ke Xu
When related to the function of the immune system, the relationship between psychological stress and tumor immunotherapy is well understood. Immunity is affected by neuroendocrine factors, particularly a variety of stress hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and glucocorticoid, which will surge through the activation of the SNS and HPA axis under chronic stress. Several studies have considered the inhibitory effects of chronic psychological stress on immune function. The mechanism of interaction between the neuroendocrine and immune systems includes the direct synaptic connection between sympathetic nerve and lymphocyte, regulation of lymphocyte transport by the neuroendocrine system, and regulation of leukocytes by glucocorticoid receptors (15,28,29). Chronic stress induced by the exposure to ultraviolet radiation can significantly enhance the susceptibility of squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting the infiltration of cytokines and protective T-cells and by increasing the amount of Tregs in the tumor sites and circulation system (30). A study on the immune response in transplanted tumor mice revealed that norepinephrine and epinephrine directly inhibited the production of anti-tumor cytotoxic T-cells through β-adrenergic signaling mechanisms (31). Furthermore, chronic stress has been shown to regulate lymphocyte apoptosis by increasing Fas (also known as CD95 or APO) expression (32).