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The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
In incomplete SCI, the ability of the brain and spinal cord to convey messages is not entirely lost; some degree of motor or sensory function is present below the level of the injury. Patients with complete SCI have no function below the level of the injury, no sensation and no voluntary movement; both sides of the body are equally affected. Understanding the anatomy of the spinal nerves helps predict how the patient will be affected.
Blocks of Nerves of the Trunk
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
The spinal nerves are formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord (see Part One, Section I). There are usually 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal, emerging from the intervertebral foramina, close to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. They divide rapidly into four main branches, the meningeal, the dorsal and ventral rami, and the ramus communicans.
Posture and orthopedic impairments
Published in Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize, Developmental and Adapted Physical Education, 2019
Michael Horvat, Ronald V. Croce, Caterina Pesce, Ashley Fallaize
Spinal nerves extend from the cord, forming the peripheral nervous system, and transmit messages from the brain and spinal cord to the working muscles. These spinal nerves include eight cervical nerves (C1–C8), twelve thoracic nerves (T1–T12), five lumbar nerves (L1–L5), five sacral nerves (S1–S5), and one coccygeal nerve. The spinal cord itself is much shorter than the vertebral column and ends at the first or second lumbar vertebra. Spinal nerves of the lumbar and sacral regions comprise a group of long nerves referred to as the cauda equina.
Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tyler M. Cook, Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
Neuronal transmission allows for nearly instantaneous processing of sensory input or generation of motor output. This rapid signaling of peripheral neurons in the gut is critical for homeostatic mechanisms such as GI motility, secretion, and even immune response modulation.39 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of vagal and spinal sensory (afferent) neurons, autonomic motor (efferent) neurons, and enteric neurons (Figure 2). Afferent neurons send information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord, while efferent neurons project out from the central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral organs. Classifying by anatomical distribution, the twelve cranial nerves project from the brain/brainstem and spinal nerves from the spinal cord. The autonomic system is divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (ENS).
Multiple retrograde tracing methods compatible with 3DISCO clearing
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Shuai Han, Dongdong Li, Yuhui Kou, Zhongguo Fu, Xiaofeng Yin
After the intramuscular injections, the mice were kept for 7 days to allow for optimal retrograde transport of neuronal tracers. Then, mice were deeply anaesthetized and perfused with 37 °C saline followed by 4 °C 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA dissolved by 1× PBS). After perfusion, intact spinal cord was removed between T12 and S2 region to ensure the entire motor neuron pool was covered. Spinal nerve roots were remained so as to recognize the specific segments of spinal cord (Figure 2). Then, the spinal cord was fixed with the post-fixation solution (4% PFA) over night. The sample was immobilized with microsutures on a piece of flat folded aluminium foil during the fixation and optical clearing procedure in order to prevent the deformation.
Disruption of the network between Onuf’s nucleus and myenteric ganglia, and developing Hirschsprung-like disease following spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage: an experimental study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Ozgur Caglar, Binali Firinci, Mehmet Dumlu Aydin, Erdem Karadeniz, Ali Ahiskalioglu, Sare Altas Sipal, Murat Yigiter, Ahmet Bedii Salman
Morphological examinations of the spinal cords showed all spinal nerves of T12–L4 levels, the cisternal segment extending from its origin to formation of peripheral nerve outside of spinal canal, and the proximal segment extending from the spinal cistern into the intervertebral foramina. Spinal cord oedema was evident in gross and microscopic examination. Spinal cord sections showed white matter expansions and compressed central canal. Blood clots in the subarachnoid space were observed in some animals. Onuf’s nucleus was localized on the terminal spinal cord just near the lateral edge of grey matter. Stereological examination methods used for the estimation as used Aydin et al [10]. The neuron density of Onuf’s nucleus were estimated.