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Lower Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Malynda Williams
Soleus accessorius becomes hypertrophic with physical activity and therefore often presents in athletes or active individuals as a soft mass in the medial ankle (Percy and Telep 1984; Nelimarkka et al. 1988; Yu and Resnick 1994; Brodie et al. 1997; Lambert 2016). The presence of this muscle may cause pain or swelling during exercise, potentially due to restricted blood supply to the muscle (Gordon and Matheson 1973; Percy and Telep 1984; Nelimarkka et al. 1988; Brodie et al. 1997; Lambert 2016). Symptomatic accessory soleus muscles may simulate retrocalcanear bursitis or peritendinitis of the Achilles tendon (Nelimarkka et al. 1988). Luck et al. (2008) report a high association between the presence of accessory soleus muscles and Achilles tendinopathy. Buschmann et al. (1991) found an association between accessory soleus muscles and pain and tenderness of the tibialis posterior tendon. Accessory soleus may cause compression neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve and tarsal tunnel syndrome (DosRemedios and Jolly 2000; Kinoshita et al. 2003).
Tissue coverage for exposed vascular reconstructions (grafts)
Published in Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad, Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
Kaitlyn Rountree, Vikram Reddy, Sachinder Singh Hans
Knee flexion is minimally affected in patients, with a slight decrease in strength, due to the preserved function of the posterior thigh muscles. It is important that the soleus muscle be protected and intact as it will be the dominant source of plantar flexion following dual gastrocnemius head harvest.30 Borrowing from orthopedic literature, the gastrocnemius muscle can be used in a generous arc of rotation for coverage of anterior knee wounds, and popliteal fossa coverage, with exposed hardware with salvage rates of 87% in some series.31,32
Musculoskeletal (including trauma and soft tissues)
Published in Dave Maudgil, Anthony Watkinson, The Essential Guide to the New FRCR Part 2A and Radiology Boards, 2017
Dave Maudgil, Anthony Watkinson
The accessory soleus muscle is found in the calf. The arcuate foramen is sited in the posterior arch of the C1 vertebra. Filling of the flexor hallucis and digitorum tendon sheath spaces as well as the posterior subtalar joint space occurs normally in 20% and 10% of ankle arthrograms, respectively.
Association of gross motor function and activities of daily living with muscle mass of the trunk and lower extremity muscles, range of motion, and spasticity in children and adults with cerebral palsy
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Mitsuhiro Masaki, Honoka Isobe, Yuki Uchikawa, Mami Okamoto, Yoshie Chiyoda, Yuki Katsuhara, Kunio Mino, Kaori Aoyama, Tatsuya Nishi, Yasushi Ando
To assess muscle mass of the trunk and lower extremity muscles, longitudinal ultrasound images of the thoracic (longissimus thoracis) and lumbar (iliocostalis lumborum) erector spinae muscles and transverse ultrasound images of the rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis, gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and lateralis, long head of the biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, medial head of the gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles were taken once bilaterally using a B-mode ultrasound imaging device (LOGIQ e V2; GE Healthcare Japan, Tokyo, Japan) with an 8-MHz linear array probe (Figures 2, 3). The mean thickness of the right and left muscles for each muscle was calculated. Images of the rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and lateralis, and tibialis anterior muscles in the supine position and the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae, gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, long head of the biceps femoris, medial head of the gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles in the prone position were measured. A 58-dB gain, 69-Hz dynamic range, the dynamic focus depth to the depth of the muscles, and time gain compensation in the neutral position were used for all measurements. The thicknesses of each muscle were measured during rest, confirming no increased muscle tone due to voluntary contraction or spasticity of the muscles as muscle contraction may affect the thickness.
Effect of inhibitory kinesiotaping on spasticity in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Published in Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 2022
Mahdad Mehraein, Zahra Rojhani- Shirazi, Ahmad Zeinali Ghotrom, Nasrin Salehi Dehno
Taping was employed by a qualified physical therapist in accordance with the recommendations of the Kenzo Kase’s kinesiology taping manual.15 A Y-shaped strip of KT (3NS TEX Tape, 3NS Inc, Korea) was applied to the calf muscles (Gastrocnemius/Soleus) from insertion to the origin of muscles with 25% of its maximal length tension in order to induce inhibitory effect. The basis of Y was anchored on calcaneus without tension with the subject in a prone position with the knee extended and the ankle in a neutral position. Afterward, the ankle was dorsi-flexed and the medial and lateral tails of Y were attached following the soleus muscle and the medial and lateral sides of gastrocnemius muscle.15 During ankle dorsiflexion, the therapist should not provoke spinal reflexes by touching the patient’s sole (Figure 1).
RIP1 Regulates Mitochondrial Fission during Skeletal Muscle Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Yu Cao, Shunli Chen, Xiangqing Xiong, Lina Lin, Wantie Wang, Liangrong Wang
The SM group showed well-organized skeletal muscle fiber without inflammatory cell infiltration. As illustrated by microscopic examination, disordered arrangement, rupture and swelling of myofibrils, moderate inflammatory cell infiltration, and hemorrhage were found in the IR and DI groups (Figure 1), which was accompanied by an increased muscle injury score (Figure 2). TEM exhibited typical symmetric skeletal muscle fibers between two Z lines and normal mitochondrial morphology in the SM group. The IR and DI group were characteristic with disorganization of myofiber and cellular membranes, mitochondria swelling, mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial cristae, vacuolar degeneration, and mitophagy. The lower degree of both the histopathological and mitochondrial damage in the soleus muscle tissue was described in MI and NI, no significant differences being noticed between these two groups (Figure 3).