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Lower Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Malynda Williams
Soleus accessorius becomes hypertrophic with physical activity and therefore often presents in athletes or active individuals as a soft mass in the medial ankle (Percy and Telep 1984; Nelimarkka et al. 1988; Yu and Resnick 1994; Brodie et al. 1997; Lambert 2016). The presence of this muscle may cause pain or swelling during exercise, potentially due to restricted blood supply to the muscle (Gordon and Matheson 1973; Percy and Telep 1984; Nelimarkka et al. 1988; Brodie et al. 1997; Lambert 2016). Symptomatic accessory soleus muscles may simulate retrocalcanear bursitis or peritendinitis of the Achilles tendon (Nelimarkka et al. 1988). Luck et al. (2008) report a high association between the presence of accessory soleus muscles and Achilles tendinopathy. Buschmann et al. (1991) found an association between accessory soleus muscles and pain and tenderness of the tibialis posterior tendon. Accessory soleus may cause compression neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve and tarsal tunnel syndrome (DosRemedios and Jolly 2000; Kinoshita et al. 2003).
Inferior heel pain
Published in Maneesh Bhatia, Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
Dishan Singh, Shelain Patel, Karan Malhotra
Examination typically identifies tenderness on the medial origin of the plantar fascia which is exacerbated by dorsiflexion of the hallux. Silfverskiöld test should be performed to assess gastrocnemius-soleus tightness, and comprehensive examination should be completed to exclude the other differential diagnoses of inferior heel pain.
Tissue coverage for exposed vascular reconstructions (grafts)
Published in Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad, Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
Kaitlyn Rountree, Vikram Reddy, Sachinder Singh Hans
Knee flexion is minimally affected in patients, with a slight decrease in strength, due to the preserved function of the posterior thigh muscles. It is important that the soleus muscle be protected and intact as it will be the dominant source of plantar flexion following dual gastrocnemius head harvest.30 Borrowing from orthopedic literature, the gastrocnemius muscle can be used in a generous arc of rotation for coverage of anterior knee wounds, and popliteal fossa coverage, with exposed hardware with salvage rates of 87% in some series.31,32
Association of gross motor function and activities of daily living with muscle mass of the trunk and lower extremity muscles, range of motion, and spasticity in children and adults with cerebral palsy
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Mitsuhiro Masaki, Honoka Isobe, Yuki Uchikawa, Mami Okamoto, Yoshie Chiyoda, Yuki Katsuhara, Kunio Mino, Kaori Aoyama, Tatsuya Nishi, Yasushi Ando
To assess muscle mass of the trunk and lower extremity muscles, longitudinal ultrasound images of the thoracic (longissimus thoracis) and lumbar (iliocostalis lumborum) erector spinae muscles and transverse ultrasound images of the rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis, gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and lateralis, long head of the biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, medial head of the gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles were taken once bilaterally using a B-mode ultrasound imaging device (LOGIQ e V2; GE Healthcare Japan, Tokyo, Japan) with an 8-MHz linear array probe (Figures 2, 3). The mean thickness of the right and left muscles for each muscle was calculated. Images of the rectus abdominis, obliquus externus abdominis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and lateralis, and tibialis anterior muscles in the supine position and the thoracic and lumbar erector spinae, gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus, long head of the biceps femoris, medial head of the gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles in the prone position were measured. A 58-dB gain, 69-Hz dynamic range, the dynamic focus depth to the depth of the muscles, and time gain compensation in the neutral position were used for all measurements. The thicknesses of each muscle were measured during rest, confirming no increased muscle tone due to voluntary contraction or spasticity of the muscles as muscle contraction may affect the thickness.
Relationship between soleus H-reflex asymmetry and postural control in multiple sclerosis
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Gregory S. Cantrell, David J. Lantis, Michael G. Bemben, Chris D. Black, Daniel J. Larson, Gabriel Pardo, Cecilie Fjeldstad-Pardo, Rebecca D. Larson
Fatigue, the most prevalent symptom in people with MS [15], may alter motor unit recruitment and firing frequency [16], which may introduce unwarranted alterations in the soleus H-reflex was assessed before each visit. Since the left and right soleus H-reflex was measured on different days, it was important to monitor levels of fatigue throughout the duration of the study. To address this concern, participants (both MS and non-MS) were given Rochester Fatigue Diaries (a visual analogue scale) to complete each day (i.e., testing and non-testing), which were reviewed prior to testing. Fatigue was also monitored via a Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), which was completed at the onset of each visit. If a participants’ MFIS score was greater than 2.5 deviations below their mean physical subscale they were rescheduled for a subsequent day [9].
Finite element method based parametric study of Gastrocnemius-soleus recession: implications to the treatment of midfoot-forefoot overload syndrome
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Miko Lin Lv, Haowei Zhang, Liang Chen, Ying Liu, Fei Wang, Duo Wai-Chi Wong, Li Sun, Ming Ni
Gastrocnemius-soleus recession may compromise the power, endurance, and stability of the foot and ankle (Lamm et al. 2005; Sammarco et al. 2006; Nawoczenski et al. 2015; Schmal et al. 2018) such that the level or degree of recession shall be controlled. Nawoczenski et al. (2015) found that patients after the procedure can have a one-fifth reduction in their peak ankle plantarflexion torque compared to that of their contralateral side and resulted in difficulties in participating endurance sports activities. Besides, Lamm et al. (2005) commented that the reduced muscle strength of the soleus jeopardized body balance during static stance. Different techniques of the gastrocnemius-soleus recession were introduced to strike for a better surgical outcome, including the Baumann, Strayer, Vulpius, Baker procedures, etc (Barske et al. 2012; Cychosz et al. 2015). A selective and controlled degree of the recession may minimize the compromised postoperative muscle weakness yet sufficiently alleviate midfoot or forefoot pressure, despite that current evidence is inconclusive (Barske et al. 2012).