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Anatomy
Published in Peter Houpt, Hand Injuries in the Emergency Department, 2023
In the forearm, the radius rotates around the ulna in the distal radio-ulnar joint (DRU joint). The carpal bones of the hand are connected through intrinsic ligaments. The external capsule of the wrist joint is located around the carpalia. Within the carpus, the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones can be distinguished. The os pisiforme is not part of the wrist joint, but acts as a fulcrum for the FCU tendon. In contrast to the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal (CMC) joints, the mobility of the second and third CMC joints is limited. The MCP and IP joints are stabilized by the volar plate and collateral ligaments. The sesamoid bones are located just volar to the MCP joint of the thumb. They sometimes can be located near other joints. The epiphyseal plate is always based proximally in the phalanges of the fingers and distally in the metacarpals, except the metacarpal of the thumb (Figure 2.8).
The Musculoskeletal System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Of the 206 bones in the body, three are located in each ear and transmit the vibrations of sound rather than function as a support mechanism; the remainder are divided between the axial skeleton—the skeleton of the central axis—and the appendicular skeleton of the appendages such as the arms (Figure 7.2). In addition, small sesamoid bones develop within the tendons. These are named for their general size and shape (literally, "in the form of a sesame seed") and act to reduce friction and sometimes function as pulleys to influence the direction of muscle pull.
Fundamentals
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
Sesamoid bones are a special category of bones that are embedded within a tendon. They are sometimes considered to be a sub-category of short bones. The best example of a sesamoid bone is the patella (kneecap), which lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle at the knee (see knee – bones). The patella keeps the tendon further away from the joint, which changes the angle of the tendon and enables the quadriceps muscle to produce more torque to move the joint. The pisiform in the wrist is also a sesamoid bone. There are also two small sesamoid bones under the first metatarsal head in the foot, which help to protect the tendons from damage when the foot is on the ground. Sesamoid bones vary in size and shape between people and an individual may have other sesamoid bones in addition to those described.
Transosseous Sutures in Tendon-to-Bone Repairs: the Role of the Epitendinous Suture
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Samuel M. Christen, Jörg G. Gruenert, Patrick S. Harenberg
For our experiment we chose porcine forelimbs because the anatomical dimensions and biomechanical properties of the tendons are similar to human flexor tendons [31, 32]. The feet of freshly butchered pigs were obtained from a local butcher’s shop. Based on preliminary data, a power analysis (SPSS Sample Power 3, IBM Inc., Armonk NY, USA) for 90% power was conducted which revealed a necessary number (n) of 5. To compensate for the eventuality of errors, a n of 10 was chosen. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups with n = 10 flexor tendons per group. The deep flexor tendons (two per foot) were dissected from the proximal amputation level to the tendon insertion in the distal phalanx of the claw. Afterwards, the distal phalanx was exarticulated and freed from surrounding skin and subcutaneous tissue. The sesamoid bone present at the dorsal aspect of the tendon near the insertion was removed. The tendon was then transected in a transverse plane at the base of the phalanx.
Diagnosis and conservative management of great toe pathologies: a review
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Nicholas A. Andrews, Jessyca Ray, Aseel Dib, Whitt M. Harrelson, Ankit Khurana, Maninder Shah Singh, Ashish Shah
When inspecting the area, there is rarely ever any swelling or discoloration. Oftentimes, a callus may be noted below the 1st MTP joint, which suggests chronic pressure has been applied over this area. Upon physical examination, there will be poorly localized pain around the MTP joint. In addition, applying direct pressure to the plantar surface over one of the sesamoid bones below the 1st MTP joint will elicit pain and allow the clinician to differentiate between tibial and fibular sesamoid disorders (Figure 5). Active or passive flexion and extension of the great toe, as well as resistance to these motions, will not elicit pain. However, if the examiner applies pressure to the sesamoid and asks the patient to extend the great toe, pain may be produced. Plain radiographs will show no signs of fracture in sesamoiditis.
Lateral ankle anatomical variants predisposing to peroneal tendon impingement
Published in Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 2018
Mahmoud Agha, Mohamed Saied Abdelgawad, Nasser Gamal Aldeen
The Peroneal tendons complex includes the peroneus brevis muscle and tendon (PB), peroneus longus muscle and tendon (PL), the common synovial sheath which splits at the peroneal tubercle, the superior retinaculum and inferior retinaculum. This complex includes also the os peroneum, which is a small sesamoid bone within the vicinity of the PL tendon. The PB muscle has its origin from the distal two thirds of the fibula and the intermuscular septa of leg, while its tendon inserts at the tuberosity of the lateral surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone. The muscle assists in weak plantar flexion and eversion of the foot.5