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Understanding the Warning Signal of the Uterus and the Fetus
Published in Gowri Dorairajan, Management of Normal and High Risk Labour During Childbirth, 2022
Normally, the sagittal suture of the fetal head is set such as to occupy the centre of the maternal pelvis during labour. So on digital vaginal examination, both the parietal bones are felt equally, and the sagittal suture is in the centre of the pelvis.
Hurler disease/mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPSIH)/α-L-iduronidase deficiency
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
In the established syndrome, the facial features are coarse (Figures 76.2–76.6). The head is large, bulging and scaphocephalic, and there may be hyperostosis of the sagittal sutures. Frontal bossing, prominent brow, wide-set prominent eyes with puffy-appearing lids and a depressed nasal bridge are characteristic. The face is flat, and the nose and nostrils wide and anteverted (Figures 76.2, 76.5, 76.6). The lips are large and thickened; the tongue is large and often protrudes through the open mouth (Figure 77.11). There is hypertrophy of the gums and the bony alveolar ridges; the teeth are small and widely spaced. Patients are generally hirsute. The hair is thick and coarse, the eyebrows bushy and the hairline low, and there is a large amount of forehead hair. Lanugo hair is plentiful. The skin is thick.
Abnormal Skull Shape
Published in Amar Bhide, Asma Khalil, Aris T Papageorghiou, Susana Pereira, Shanthi Sairam, Basky Thilaganathan, Problem-Based Obstetric Ultrasound, 2019
Amar Bhide, Asma Khalil, Aris T Papageorghiou, Susana Pereira, Shanthi Sairam, Basky Thilaganathan
Brachycephaly and dolichocephaly occur when the head is more rounded or elongated, respectively. This is most commonly a normal variant: In brachycephaly the head appears shorter and wider. This is most often due to normal variation but has also been associated with trisomy 21. Premature fusion of the coronal sutures can also be a cause; this is seen in Pfeiffer syndrome, where wide-set eyes, brachydactyly or syndactyly may also coexist.Dolichocephaly is frequently associated with pressure effects due to a fetal breech presentation or reduced amniotic fluid. In late gestation it can be due to premature fusion of the sagittal suture.
Cognitive Development in Single-Suture Craniosynostosis – A Systematic Review
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2023
K Olsson, J Engman, D Nowinski, M Ramklint, M.A Frick
In a further line of inquiry regarding specific cognitive deficits, the evidence is tentative for a particular vulnerability in unicoronal CS for deficits in attention, visuomotor function and language that merit further investigation. In addition, the verbal/visuospatial discrepancy found in a number of studies on sagittal synostosis warrants further investigation as it may provide insights into typical brain development. Based on current understanding of cortical network reliance in higher cognitive function, sagittal synostosis could be understood as a condition disrupting dorsal parieto-frontal network connections across development that can be directly linked to the location of the sagittal suture and, possibly, the mechanical effects associated with it on the developing brain. This observation could be further validated if more studies finding a mediating effect of age at surgery on this link were to be conducted.
The effects of green tea on cognitive impairments in the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease: protection against inflammatory and oxidative damage
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Mahsa Amirpour, Mohammad Ali Mirshekar, Gohar Sedaghat, Farzaneh Montazerifar, Shadi Shourestani, Saiedeh Arabmoazzen, Mehrdad Naghizadeh
Rats were randomly allocated to four main equal-sized groups (n = 8): 1) The control group had no memory impairment and was not administered any supplementation. 2) The rats received 400 mg/ kg of the supplement orally for 21 consecutive days in the GT group. 3) For the Alz group, dementia was induced by ICV injection of STZ. 4) In the GT + Alz group, the rats were administrated GT (same as the GT group) orally before dementia induction by STZ injection. For stereotaxic surgery, the animals were anesthetized using ketamine/xylazine (90/10 mg/kg, i.p.) and placed in a Narishige stereotaxic apparatus (incisor bar −3.3 mm, ear bars positioned symmetrically). A sagittal midline incision was made on the scalp, and the burr holes were drilled on both sides of the skull with coordinates at 0.8 mm posterior to the bregma and 1.5 mm lateral to the sagittal suture. Every rat was injected with 20 µL of STZ dissolved in 0.9% normal saline, pH=8.0. The STZ was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg bilaterally into the lateral ventricles by placing the Hamilton syringe needle 3.6 mm below the surface of the brain. The procedure was repeated 48 h later. The control group, consisting of 8 animals, was treated following a similar process but was administered normal saline. After surgery, the rats were given exceptional care until spontaneous feedings were restored. Behavioral tests were evaluated by an observer blind to the treatments and conducted two days again after surgery, as depicted in Figure 1.
The AMPK-SIRT1-FoxO1-NF-κB signaling pathway participates in hesperetin-mediated neuroprotective effects against traumatic brain injury via the NLRP3 inflammasome
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Hai Song, Zhongyun Ding, Jilin Chen, Tingbao Chen, Tinghua Wang, Jin Huang
The TBI model was constructed with a CCI device (Hatteras Instruments Inc., Cary, NC, USA) with common parameters (depth: 2 mm; speed: 5.0 m/s; dwell time: 100 ms) [18]. After being anesthetized with 6% chloral hydrate (intraperitoneal injection), mice were put on a brain stereotactic apparatus (Beijing Youchengjiaye Biotechnology Company, Limited, Beijing, China). The mouse's head was disinfected with 70% ethanol, and the skin was incised in the midline. A hole with 0.5 mm in diameter (2.0 mm anteriorly, 2.0 mm posteriorly, and 2.0 mm away from the lateral sagittal suture) was drilled in the right skull. The mice were stochastically classified into four groups: (A) the sham group, (B) the Hes group, (C) the TBI group, and (D) the TBI + Hes group (N = 10). Hes (50 mg/kg, Sigma, USA) was injected intraperitoneally one hour after injury, once daily for three consecutive days. The sham surgery group received conventional surgery without CCI induction. The skull was closed and the incision was sutured immediately after surgery. The mice were put on a heating pad until they regained consciousness and general motor function. The mice were then returned to their normal feeding chambers and monitored.