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Functions of the Liver
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Kupffer cells are macrophages that form part of the reticuloendothelial system and line the sinusoids. They are important in the phagocytosis of bacteria, destruction of endotoxin, protein denaturation and accumulation of ferritin and haemosiderin. In the fetus, Kupffer cells have a haemopoietic function, which ceases within a few weeks of birth.
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Neuronal storage of lipids is a common parameter in these disorders. The accumulation of the abnormal material sooner or later destroys the neurons and atrophy and sclerosis of the tissue develop following all loss. There is wide variation in the extent, intensity, and regional distribution of lesions. Early onset of the disease is usually accompanied by more diffuse neuronal involvement and a more rapid deterioration process. The reticuloendothelial system is often involved and may be minimal, affecting only a few cells in the spleen, lymph gland, or liver, or may be extensive and dominate the clinical symptoms of the disease. In some cases, the visceral involvement determines the course, and the nervous system shows minor changes or even may be entirely unaffected.
Morphology of Mononuclear and Malignant Cells
Published in Richard C. Niemtzow, Transmembrane Potentials and Characteristics of Immune and Tumor Cell, 2020
Blood monocytes are derived from primitive hemocytoblasts through the monoblast and promonocyte state in the bone marrow. The blood monocyte is sometimes considered an intermediate cell in the progression from monoblast-promonocyte-monocyte-tissue macrophage. Collectively, the monocyte-tissue macrophage system in the body has been classically known as the reticuloendothelial system (RES).4
Nanotechnology-enabled gene delivery for cancer and other genetic diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Tong Jiang, Karina Marie Gonzalez, Leyla Estrella Cordova, Jianqin Lu
The human reticuloendothelial system, especially the liver and spleen, can identify and remove exogenous substances in the blood quickly [16]. At the same time, kidney filtration function presents a further challenge to the function of nucleic acid drugs in the blood [17]. Glomerular filtration typically removes molecules below 50 kDa and naked low molecular weight nucleic acids (about 10–30 kDa) are easily released by the kidney. Administered systematically, nucleic acid drugs accumulate in the kidneys with a fortyfold accumulation rate than other organs preferentially and then are excreted during 1 h by glomerulus and kidney tubules [18]. Kidney or liver toxicity may be induced as some patients presented with proteinuria and increased liver transaminase after the treatment of thiophosphate modified oligonucleotides therapy. These side effects also are influenced by dosage strength and can dissipate with dosage reduction or suspension [19].
Acute and sub-acute toxicity study of ethanol extract from Nectandra leucantha Nees & Mart. (Lauraceae) barks
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
July Silva Ferreira, Alanne Lucena de Brito, Silvana Tavares Paz, Humberto de Moura Barbosa, Jeymesson Raphael Cardoso Vieira, Carla Mirele Tabósa Quixabeira, Dayane Aparecida Gomes, Pamela Noemy L. Ramirez, Fernanda S. de Sousa, João Henrique G. Lago, Eduardo Carvalho Lira
Bodyweight and food intake were similar for all the doses evaluated. Changes in the weight of organs are an important and sensitive parameter for detecting harmful effects of chemicals (Yazdi et al. 2010), but none was recorded here. Organ weight does not exclude the poisonous effect of the drug, since toxicity may occur at a molecular level before expanding to the whole tissue. The hematological system is a very sensitive target for toxic products, especially the bone marrow where the production of red blood cells occurs (Barbosa et al. 2016). EENl did not elicit any changes in either white or red blood cells nor to the hematological parameters evaluated, which means that daily oral use of EENl for 28 days offered no oxygenation nor anemia risk, and even provoked a rise in the immunological response (Nana et al. 2011). An interesting fact is that only the spleen had its weight changed by EENl. The spleen corpuscle is an important component of the immune system and a constitutive part of the reticuloendothelial system (Akinmoladun et al. 2020). It is a primary site of extramedullary hematopoiesis and is responsible for removing degenerate and aged red blood cells (Suttie 2006). Spleen atrophy is related to damaged white and red blood cells (Suttie 2006) and was not consistent with hematopoietic change.
Chimeric liposomes decorated with P407: an alternative biomaterial for producing stealth nano-therapeutics
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Maria Tsakiri, Aikaterini Peraki, Maria Chountoulesi, Costas Demetzos
When liposomes LNPs enter the body, they get recognized by the proteins (opsonins) and cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, within a few minutes (Smith et al.2013). Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytose the LNPs removing them from the bloodstream circulation, resulting in rapid clearance occurred by the liver and the spleen. Hence, the biodistribution, the circulation time, and the effective concentration of the active substance change are strictly affected, which might reflect an important alteration in the efficacy of the medicines (Aggarwal et al. 2009). A lot of research has been made on optimizing the liposomal properties and prolong their circulation time by adding hydrophilic polymeric chains in their shells (Bulbake et al.2017, dos Santos et al.2020, Kong et al.2020). The combination of lipids with these polymers creates self-assembled LNPs with mixed biophysical and biochemical properties.