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Choerospondias axillaris (Hog plum)
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
The study of the mononuclear phagocyte system, thymus, and serum hemolysin gives information about the immunity system. The mononuclear phagocyte system has phagocytosis and bactericidal action and antitumor effects. The thymus is the central immune organ for the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes. Serum hemolysin is a sensitive marker to reflect and test the humoral immune function. TFC may influence cellular immunity and humoralimmunity by enhancing the phagocytic function of mononuclear macrophage. TFC may enhance cellular immunity and increase the thymus weight. TFC increased the content of serum hemolysin in normal mice and the antibody titer induced by contact again antigen, indicating that TFC could enhance humoral immunity, relating to IgM and IgG. Thus, TFC could improve the celiac macrophage activity and specific immunity of mice (Liu et al. 2013). C. axillaries could enhance cellular, humoral immune function, and sports endurance of mice (Deng and Ji 2002).
Morphology of Mononuclear and Malignant Cells
Published in Richard C. Niemtzow, Transmembrane Potentials and Characteristics of Immune and Tumor Cell, 2020
The RES is composed of the above cells plus the Kupffer cells of the liver, Type III alveolar macrophages in the lung, and the microglia from the nervous system, as well as all other “tissue macrophages”. The major function of the RES has classically been recognized as phagocytosis or eating. Recently, it has also been recognized that the monocyte plays a major role in the immunity of both the B and T lymphocyte system by processing foreign antigens for the lymphocyte system. This function of the monocytes will be described elsewhere in this text. Some authors have introduced the term mononuclear phagocyte system to describe these cells.5 However, since the term RES is strongly embedded in medical and scientific literature, it will probably be some time before it is completely replaced by another name. Monocytes are also capable of proliferation in situ in areas where phagocytotic or immunologic activity is needed. For example, in granulomatous inflammation such as tuberculosis, fungal infections, or other autoimmune diseases, monocytes proliferate, forming the so-called epithelioid cells of the granuloma. Monocytes also may proliferate in malignant processes such as monocytic or myelomonocytic leukemia and histiocytic lymphoma as well as Hodgkin’s disease.
The kidneys
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
The mononuclear phagocyte system removes foreign material and large protein aggregates from the blood. Under normal circumstances it may remove most of the circulating immune complexes. If the system is presented with an excess of such complexes or if its activity is depressed, e.g. by infections, drugs, or neoplasia, then it may be incapable of clearing the blood of circulating immune complexes and some will deposit in the glomerular capillaries. Other factors include the release of vasoactive agents, which increase the permeability of the glomerular (and other) capillaries, and treatment with glucocorticoids, which, by contrast, impede the transfer of macromolecules across the basement membrane.
The Effect of CD226 on the Balance between Inflammatory Monocytes and Small Peritoneal Macrophages in Mouse Ulcerative Colitis
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Juan Li, Feng Zhao, Qi Qin, Liu Yang, Yuan Jiang, Yongli Hou, Yazhen Wang, Wenjing Zhou, Liang Fang, Lihua Chen
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). As one of the MPS, blood monocytes are an important defense line for intestinal immunity (Ochando et al. 2016). Human monocytes are divided into two distinct subsets: classical CD14+CD16− inflammatory monocytes (iMos) and non-classical CD14loCD16+ patrolling monocytes (pMos)(Geissmann et al. 2003; Gordon and Taylor 2005). The counterparts of these subsets are CX3CR1intCCR2+Ly6Chi monocytes (iMos) and CX3CR1hiCCR2−Ly6Clo monocytes (pMos) in mice (Geissmann et al. 2003; Gordon and Taylor 2005). Monocytes are not fully differentiated cells, and can differentiate into macrophages. There are two distinct subsets of peritoneal macrophages named large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs, CD11bhiF4/80hi) and small peritoneal macrophages (SPMs, CD11b+F4/80lo) (Ghosn et al. 2010). SPMs seem to be derived from inflammatory monocytes that are produced through hematopoiesis. LPMs appear to be independent of hematopoiesis and to be under homeostatic conditions. The abdominal and intestinal macrophages could sense and respond to invading pathogens and environmental factors. Both monocytes and macrophages are essential in maintaining intestinal health (Thiesen et al. 2014; Varol et al. 2010). Thus, a better understanding of the regulation of monocyte/macrophage differentiation is important for developing more effective therapies for UC.
Platelet indices in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Platelets, 2020
Zhongwei Zhou, Hongmei Chen, Huixiang Ju, Mingzhong Sun, Hao Jin
Recent evidence suggests that platelets contribute to inflammatory and immune responses to injury or infection beyond their traditional role in hemostasis and thrombosis [9]. Activation of platelets can trigger a series of physiological and pathological responses, unleashing various platelet-derived cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that probably lead to immune disorders or inflammatory diseases [10]. In this process, they interact with neutrophils facilitating rapid and local release of inflammatory cytokines [11], and with monocytes modulating their differentiation into macrophages and diminishing the phagocyte function of mononuclear phagocyte system [12]. Platelet activation is mainly characterized by the changes of platelet (PLT) count, mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW). Nowadays, it is well accepted that platelet activation takes positive roles in inflammation responses enhanced in the pathogenesis of CIA. That is why platelet-activating factors have been considered as potential therapeutic targets to CIA and other autoimmune diseases [13–15]. However, recent publications on the association between platelet indices and CIA yielded inconsistent findings. The aim of this study, therefore, was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a more comprehensive estimation of the association between platelet indices and the disease.
Development a hyaluronic acid ion-pairing liposomal nanoparticle for enhancing anti-glioma efficacy by modulating glioma microenvironment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Liuqing Yang, Xu Song, Ting Gong, Kejun Jiang, Yingying Hou, Tijia Chen, Xun Sun, Zhirong Zhang, Tao Gong
By ion-pairing between positively charged DOX and negatively charged HA, DOX-HA-LPs successfully maintained the initial structure of HA without any chemical modification. Similar to the result of Yang et al. (2013), the nanoparticles which were established via ion-pairing might be a relative loose structure and instable in plasma (Figure S3). To solve the problem, these nanoparticles were encapsulated in liposomes (Park et al., 2015). DOX-HA-LPs achieved different release behavior with free DOX both in vitro (Figure 1(d)) and in vivo (Table S3). However, circulating behavior was not desired with a fast release in a short period of time after injection. This phenomenon might result from scavenging by mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Outer phospholipid membrane which was added for solving instability in plasma might shelter part of carboxylic and result in uptake by MPS (Figure S4) (Allen, 1994). To improve the circulating time of DOX-HA-LPs, we could attempt to optimize E80 to DSPE-mPEG2000 or add plasticizing agent to enhance the phospholipid membrane. What is more, we also could encapsulate DOX-HA-NPs in erythrocyte membrane (Hu et al., 2011). In our future research, improving circulating time of DOX-HA-LPs was an important work.