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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Rectus capitis lateralis may be deficient (Macalister 1875). The muscle may be fan-shaped (Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985). Levator scapulae may fuse with the inferior attachment of rectus capitis lateralis (Gonzales et al. 2017). Rectus capitis lateralis may be doubled (Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985). The accessory belly may be referred to as rectus capitis lateralis accessorius (Winslow) (Macalister 1875; Knott 1883a). A rectus capitis lateralis longus (Otto) may be present, extending from the transverse process of the second cervical vertebra to the occipital bone (Macalister 1875; Rickenbacher et al. 1985; Bergman et al. 1988; Sakamoto 2016b).
Intravenous sinus meningioma with intraluminal extension to the internal jugular vein: case report and review of the literature
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Kei Yamashiro, Mitsuhiro Hasegawa, Saeko Higashiguchi, Hisayuki Kato, Yuichi Hirose
An arc-shaped initial skin incision surrounding the auricle was used, the caudal side incision extended to the neck. A skin incision along the front edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was added to make a T-shaped cut (Figure 5, left). Small lateral suboccipital craniotomy and splitting mastoidectomy were performed to expose the transverse sinus to the sigmoid sinus. The fallopian canal was not opened. The superior oblique muscle and the rectus capitis lateralis muscle were detached from the bone, and the jugular process was removed. The right transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, jugular bulb, and internal jugular vein were exposed (Figure 5, right), being aware not to remove the lateral process of atlas due to the reaction of the vagus nerve by the NIM response. To reduce the postoperative risk of lower cranial nerve damage, the cranial and the cranio-cervical junction of the intraluminal tumour was removed via incision of the venous sinus wall and internal jugular vein wall (Figure 6(A)). The tumour invaded the mastoid emissary vein, posterior condylar emissary vein, superior petrosal sinus, and the inferior petrosal sinus in a branched manner. It was removed as thoroughly as possible (Figure 6(B–D)). The distal side of the tumour was removed to the transverse-sigmoid junction as the distal end of the tumour was well controlled by radiation therapy.
Paracondylar process combined with persistent first intersegmental vertebral artery: an anatomic case report and literature review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Haigui Yang, Xiaofei Bai, Xiaoli Huan, Tingzhong Wang
The CVJ is an embryologically unstable and ‘ontogenetically restless’ zone. Thus congenital anomalies of mesodermal origin are frequently coexisting at the CVJ. The occipitalized atlas and the PCP are both mesodermal anomalies, which coexist in this case. The previous PFIA reports were mainly based on catheter angiogram or CT angiography without demonstrating the renal artery. The previous anatomic reports of PCP only demonstrated the osseous adjacent structure.22,31,32 We demonstrated the PFIA and the PCP in a perfused cadaveric head. The real PFIA and the soft tissue around PCP such as VA, jugular bulb, facial nerve, and rectus capitis lateralis are all well demonstrated. This anatomic display is beneficial for better understanding of these two rare variations. From a neurosurgical point of view, the PFIA and the PCP hinder the implementation of far lateral approach. The PFIA may be a puzzling problem during skull base surgeries such as vascular bypass involving V3 or mobilization of VA from the dural entrance to treat a foramen magnum lesion. The PCP is an obstacle in the way to the extradural jugular foramen through a paracondylar far lateral approach. The PCP may diminish the rectus capitis lateralis which serves as an important surgical landmark of the jugular bulb. The misidentification of the landmark may result in disorientation and iatrogenic injury to VA, jugular bulb, or facial nerve. Therefore, preoperative recognition of the two rare variations is essential to a safe far lateral approach.
Anatomic Alert: Spinal accessory nerve traversing a fenestrated internal jugular vein
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Jay I. Kumar, Shunchang Ma, Pankaj Agarwalla, Nir Shimony, Shih S. Liu
This abnormality was noted during an educational prosection of the jugular foramen. Three cadaveric heads were dissected bilaterally to demonstrate the anatomy of the jugular foramen and the relationship of adjacent neurovascular structures, including the internal jugular vein, the transverse process of the C1 vertebra, the rectus capitis lateralis, and CNXI.