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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Rectus capitis posterior major originates from the spinous process of the second cervical vertebra (Standring 2016). It inserts onto the occipital bone along the lateral half of the inferior nuchal line and onto the bone just below the line (Standring 2016).
The Bladder (BL)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Greater occipital nerve (C2): Supplies cutaneous sensation to the posterior scalp. Arises from the dorsal root of the second cervical spinal nerve. A communicating branch from C3 may join the GON. The nerve ascends in the caudal neck and head over the dorsal surface of the rectus capitis posterior major muscle. It pierces the fleshy fibers of the semispinalis capitis, runs a short distance rostrad and laterad but remains deep at this point to the trapezius muscle. It becomes subcutaneous just caudal to the superior nuchal line by passing above an aponeurotic “sling,” close to the midline, consisting of the combined origins of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, medial to the occipital artery.4 (The occipital artery appears in Figure 7-17 lateral to BL 9.) As the GON passes through these various layers of muscle and fascia, the risk of entrapment increases.
The Spinal Cord and the Suboccipital Triangle
Published in Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause, Musculoskeletal Anatomy, 2009
Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause
Identify the muscles which form the three sides of the suboccipital triangle: the inferior oblique, superior oblique and the rectus capitis posterior major. After you have identified and cleaned the rectus capitis posterior major, sever its attachment to the skull and reflect it inferiorly toward its origin from the axis to expose the rectus capitis posterior minor. This latter muscle lies deep to, and slightly medial to the former muscle. The rectus capitis posterior minor is considered to be a suboccipital muscle, but it does not contribute to the margins of the suboccipital triangle.
Influence of clinical experience on accuracy and safety of obliquus capitus inferior dry needling in unembalmed cadavers
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Gary A. Kearns, Troy L. Hooper, Jean-Michel Brismée, Brad Allen, Micah Lierly, Kerry K. Gilbert, Timothy J. Pendergrass, Deborah Edwards
Some have thus advocated avoiding a cranial needle inclination or needling any of the suboccipital muscles above C2 (i.e. obliquus capitus superior, rectus capitus posterior major and rectus capitus posterior minor) and solely targeting the medial half of obliquus capitus inferior (OCI) using a perpendicular needle insertion at the midpoint between C1 transverse process and C2 spinous process toward the C2 posterior laminar arch with a slight 10° caudal inclination (Fernández-de-las-peñas et al., 2020). Missing C2 with a caudal needle inclination would likely have the needle coursing toward the lower cervical spine zygapophyseal joints, which are oriented 45 degrees to the transverse plane with smaller interspinous spaces (Bogduk and Mercer, 2000; Mercer and Bogduk, 2001), possibly minimizing risks.
Dry needling as a novel intervention for cervicogenic somatosensory tinnitus: a case study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Aaron Womack, Raymond Butts, James Dunning
The physical examination (PE) was conducted by a physical therapist with 20 years of experience, certified in spinal manipulation and dry needling. Additionally, the therapist was a fellow-in-training in an accredited manual physical therapy fellowship program. The patient demonstrated full cervical AROM, and cervical myotome, dermatome, and cranial nerve screening were negative. While palpation of the cervical paraspinals, upper trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitis posterior major and rectus capitis posterior minor muscles seemed to provoke the patient’s headache and tinnitus, the sternocleidomastoid, masseter, temporalis, and frontalis muscles did not. Additionally, she did not present with temporomandibular joint pain or increased tinnitus with active jaw movement. The patient reported occasional, diffuse pain in the posterior occipital region, but she was not tender to palpation in that region during the PE. Although the patient presented with lower cervical and upper thoracic pain, palpation and passive joint mobility testing of the lower cervical and upper thoracic region had no effect on her headache or tinnitus symptoms.