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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Macalister (1875) notes that Luschka considered constrictor pharyngis superior a composite muscle comprised of four parts: pterygo-pharyngeus, bucco-pharyngeus, mylo-pharyngeus, and glosso-pharyngeus. The buccopharyngeal part may connect with buccinator (Macalister 1875; Shimada and Gasser 1989). The extent of the origin from the pterygoid hamulus may vary (Macalister 1875). It may have an origin from the medial pterygoid plate (Standring 2016) or the petrous part of the temporal bone (Bergman et al. 1988; Sakamoto 2009, 2016a). Stylopharyngeus may course transversely and join the superior pharyngeal constrictor (Choi et al. 2020). A portion of the superior constrictor may run longitudinally and pass between the superior and middle constrictors, or merge with the middle constrictor and the contralateral constrictor muscles (Choi et al. 2020). An accessory muscle, petropharyngeus, may also be joined with the superior constrictor (Macalister 1875; Knott 1883a; see the entry for this muscle). A slip from genioglossus to constrictor pharyngis superior is referred to as geniopharyngeus (Winslow) (Macalister 1875; Knott 1883a; Bergman et al. 1988; Patel and Loukas 2016). Pterygopharyngeus externus, which attaches to the pterygoid hamulus, may be present as a distinct muscle (Sakamoto 2016a).
Anatomy and Embryology of the Mouth and Dentition
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
The soft palate is a mobile flap suspended from the back of the hard palate, sloping down between the oral and nasal parts of the pharynx (Figure 41.2). The boundary between the hard and soft palate may be distinguished by a change in colour, the soft palate being a darker red with a yellowish tint. In its relaxed and pendant position, its anterior (oral) surface is concave, with a median raphe. Its posterior aspect is convex and continuous with the nasal floor. A median conical process, the uvula, projects downwards from its posterior border. Just behind and medial to each upper alveolar process, in the lateral region of the anterior part of the soft palate, a small bony prominence can be felt. This is produced by the pterygoid hamulus, an extension of the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone.
Head and neck
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Attachments of superior constrictor muscle– origin: pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, post. part of mylohyoid line– insertion: pharyngeal raphe (post. pharynx)– nerve SS: vagus n.– function: propel food bolus
Prospective multi-center study on expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Guillermo Plaza, Peter Baptista, Carlos O'Connor-Reina, Gabriela Bosco, Nuria Pérez-Martín, Kenny P. Pang
Taking into account the important role of the lateral pharyngeal wall and, more precisely, the increased collapsibility in patients with OSAHS, Cahali [3] first described this important issue with a novel technique, lateral pharyngoplasty. Pang and Woodson [4] in 2007, described the ESP to treat patients with OSAHS. The philosophy of this procedure is to transform a ‘bad’ muscle, the palatopharyngeus muscle, into a ‘good’ one. The aim is to caudally detach it from its insertions in the constrictor muscles and, once released, rotate it upwards and laterally, to suture it again at the height of the pterygoid hamulus, at the pterygomandibular raphe. Although some authors do not accept that changing the direction vector of the muscle might keep it as a functioning muscle [10,11], at least by cutting the caudal edge of the muscle, its closing action is very reduced, as can be seen during the procedure while electrically stimulating it.