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Non-Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Pathogenesis:Insult (bacterial, chemical, or physical such as a catheter).Pseudostratified columnar epithelium → stratified squamous epitheliumSplits develop in the epithelium.Urine extravasation occurs (no subepithelial layer c.f. muscularis).Fibrosis develops in the spongiosis tissue.Repetitive insults cause more fibrosis.Coalescence of fibrous plaques leads to circumferential fibrosis.Constriction of the urethral lumen.Obstruction leads to squamous metaplasia upstream.Proximal propagation of stricture.
Large Cell Carcinoma and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Structurally, the trachea is a cartilaginous/fibromuscular tube of 10–12 cm in length (including 2–4 cm extrathoracic and 6–9 cm intrathoracic) and 11–25 mm in diameter. The tracheal wall is composed of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, cartilage/muscle, and adventitia. The mucosa contains a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and numerous mucus-secreting goblet cells (which rest on a basement membrane with a thin, collagenous lamina propria). The submucosa contains seromucous glands. The adventitia contains C-shaped, hyaline cartilage rings interconnected by connective tissue. In the posterior tracheal wall, cartilage is replaced by a thin band of smooth muscle (the trachealis muscle).
Overview on Anatomy of Human Respiratory System
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
Anoop Kumar Sinha, Sunit K. Singh
Some structural changes can be noted as the branching pattern becomes more extensive. The pseudostratified columnar epithelium slowly changes into nonciliated cuboidal epithelium in terminal bronchioles. The incomplete rings of cartilage are gradually replaced by small cartilage plates that also disappear in bronchioles. A decrease in the cartilage increases smooth muscle content of bronchioles, which form spiral bands and their contraction is affected by autonomic nervous system (ANS) and various chemicals. The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and histamine cause constriction of bronchioles; sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and epinephrine dilate them.
Epithelial cell dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: the epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Jing Yuan, Ming Wang, Chengshuo Wang, Luo Zhang
The nasal respiratory epithelium is a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, consisting of ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, and non-ciliated columnar cells [7,8]. Nasal epithelial cells form the first mechanical barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the submucosa. When the epithelium is damaged, the basal cells, which act as stem cells, proliferate and migrate to the damaged area, where they differentiate into ciliated cells or goblet cells to reconstruct epithelium to restore the barrier function [9]. In addition to the epithelial barrier, ciliated cells and goblet cells also form another effective defensive barrier known as mucociliary clearance, which traps and removes particles and gases dissolved in the mucus. Goblet cells and the submucosal plasma-secreting glands secrete large amounts of fluid to form a mucus blanket that adheres to the epithelial surface and traps pathogens and inhaled particles, whereas ciliated cells beat in metachronal waves to propel the pathogens and inhaled particles that are trapped in the mucous layer out of the airways [10,11].
The efficacy of Origanum majorana nanocubosomal systems in ameliorating submandibular salivary gland alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Dina B. E. Farag, Carol Yousry, Abdulaziz Mohsen Al-Mahallawi, Hesham I. El-Askary, Meselhy R. Meselhy, Nermeen AbuBakr
Finally, well-organized, normally architected parenchymal elements were observed in group IV (DM + OE-NC4). The acini demonstrated a normal configuration, lined by neatly arranged pyramidal cells, having granular basophilic cytoplasm and rounded basally situated nuclei. The acinar cells’ septum was clearly observed. The GCTs presented normal features with distinct ductal boundaries and orderly arranged lining cells, containing characteristic eosinophilic granules. The striated ducts were lined by columnar cells with rounded nuclei and intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm with basal striations (Figure 4(D)). A neatly arranged pseudostratified columnar epithelium was clearly observed lining the excretory ducts. The ducts were surrounded by a relatively well-organized fibrous connective tissue stroma containing regular normal blood vessels (Figure 5(D)).
Congenital Pouch Colon: Further Histopathological Perspectives
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Neha Singh, Suravi Mohanty, Inchara Yeliur Kalegowda, Pritilata Rout
Case 1 showed lining of pseudostratified columnar epithelium and transitional epithelium with foci of squamous metaplasia. The epithelial lining represents a histological transition from the hindgut into the urinary bladder in ano-urogenital communications. Since the colovesical fistula opens at the dome of the bladder, high on its posterior wall or occasionally in the vesicourethral territory, it bears the lining epithelium of the urinary bladder or anal canal [10,20]. In our case, the flattened areas adjacent to the fistulous orifice in the pouch displayed these features. The cystitis glandularis with intestinal metaplasia in Case 1 is believed to develop from the Von Brunn’s nests. The intestinal subtype of cystitis glandularis has been described as premalignant, but progression to cancer may be a long-term process [21]. The squamous metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia due to irritation of the native tissue illustrates early changes in a nine-month infant.Though there is no documentation of an adenocarcinoma developing in a CPC till date, retaining the pouch has a potential risk of metaplasia and malignant transformation.