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Endometrial malignant lesions
Published in T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng, Richard Wing-Cheuk Wong, Hao Chen, Diagnostic Endometrial Pathology, 2019
T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng
Endometrioid carcinomas typically consist of back-to-back, complex, branched endometrial-type glands of varying differentiation with no or minimal intervening stroma. Cribriform structures are formed when tumor cells grow more within the glandular lumens. Occasionally, villoglandular pattern (papillary architecture) can be seen. Tumor glands are typically lined by stratified columnar epithelium. Cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells are usually eosinophilic and granular, with the lining cells sharing a common apical border which result in a glandular lumen with smooth contour. The nuclear atypia is usually mild to moderate, with inconspicuous nucleoli. However, poorly differentiated carcinoma with grade 3 nuclei is not uncommon. Tumor stroma may contain foamy cells (macrophages) due to tumor necrosis in approximately 15% of cases. Background of EIN/AH is more commonly seen in those endometrioid cancers with unopposed estrogen as the main etiology, while cancers caused by Lynch syndrome may not have hyperplastic background. Focal mucinous changes are very common. Representative pictures of the endometrioid carcinomas are presented in Figures 9.1 through 9.3.
SBA Answers and Explanations
Published in Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury, SBAs for the MRCS Part A, 2018
Vivian A. Elwell, Jonathan M. Fishman, Rajat Chowdhury
Stratified squamous epithelium consists of several layers of epithelial cells arranged upon a layer of basement membrane. The layers can be sloughed off and replaced constantly; hence it is suited for areas with constant insults and abrasions. Stratified squamous epithelium can be divided into keratinised and non-keratinised types, depending on the presence of keratin on its surface. Examples of keratinised types include the skin, tongue, and outer lips. Examples of non-keratinised types are cornea, oesophagus, rectum, and vagina. The epididymis and trachea have pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, whereas the colon and uterus are lined by simple columnar epithelium.
Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
There are three types of epithelium in the nose. First, there is squamous also referred to as the transitional epithelium that consists of the vibrissae, sweat glands, and nasal vestibule (sebaceous glands). Second, there is the pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium that covers two-thirds of the posterior nasal cavity. This epithelium contains ciliated as well as non-ciliated columnar cells, basal cells as well as mucin secreting goblet cells. The nasal epithelium is located on the lamina propria and basement membrane, which are served by capillaries that facilitate fluid flow through to the nasal mucosa. Finally, there is the olfactory neuroepithelium that forms the superomedial portion of the superior turbinate, nasal root and superior septum. There are various types of cells in the olfactory epithelium but the more common are Bowman glands and ducts, bipolar receptor cells, sustentacular cells and microvillar cells. Cilia are located on the surface cells of the respiratory tract. Their role is to push mucus backwards towards the nasopharynx.
Deaths associated with insertion of nasogastric tubes for enteral nutrition in the medical intensive care unit: Clinical and autopsy findings
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2018
Avery L. Smith, Carol A. Santa Ana, John S. Fordtran, Joseph M. Guileyardo
In case 2 and case 3, feeding tubes were blindly inserted through the nose in patients with known coagulopathies, and both patients developed massive bleeding from traumatized nasal mucosa. Figure 5 illustrates the anatomy of the nasal cavities and adjacent structures. Except for its most anterior portion, the nasal cavities are lined by a pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium that rests on delicate supporting connective tissue.12 The epithelium is relatively thin and the submucosa is crowded with veins that can become rapidly dilated with blood.13 The nasopharynx is lined by a combination of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium and stratified squamous epithelium. Both the oropharynx and the hypopharynx are lined continuously by a stratified squamous epithelium.14
Morphometric and ultrastructural analysis of tramadol effects on epididymis: an experimental study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2018
Abdalla Mohamed Attia, Ola Ahmed Bakry, Hossam Yassin, Naglaa Sarhan, Rehab Samaka, Nahla Gamal
Normal epididymal structure was detected in all examined control rats. The epididymal ducts were lined by pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium resting on a basal lamina. Principal columnar cells were the predominant cell type, which had a basally located nucleus and apical stereocilia projecting into the lumen. Basal cells were found resting on the basal lamina among the base of principal cells. The epididymal ducts were surrounded by a thin layer of smooth muscle fibers and connective tissue. The interstitial tissue of the epididymis was composed of loose connective tissue, which contained fibroblasts, collagen fibers, abundant ground substance, and small blood vessels (Figure 1).
Sclerosis as a predictive factor for failure after bulbar urethroplasty: a prospective single-centre study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2018
Teresa Olsen Ekerhult, Klas Lindqvist, Lars Grenabo, Christina Kåbjörn Gustafsson, Ralph Peeker
The normal male urethra is defined as a layer of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium or squamous epithelium, direct into the basement membrane, underlined by loose connective tissue in the mucosa, with macrophages and fibroblasts present in various numbers. Further from the lumen the connective tissue, containing fibroblasts and extracellular matrix with collagen and glycoproteins, increases, and smooth muscular bundles appear with vessels and vascular sinusoids of the corpus spongiosum [9,10]. Further out from the lumen, massive collagen bundles are apparent (Figure 2).