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Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
There are three types of epithelium in the nose: Stratified squamous epithelium covering nasal vestibule containing vibrissae, sweat glands.Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium covers the majority of the nasal cavity and contains ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells, mucin-secreting goblet cells and basal cells.Olfactory neuroepithelium is located along the upper one-third of septum, medial superior/supreme turbinates and roof of nasal cavity.
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Prostate
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Glandular tissueConsists of follicles with internal papillae.Opens into canals and joins to form 12−20 ducts.Supported by muscular stroma.Epithelium: predominantly columnar and can be single-layered or pseudostratified.
Gonadotropins in the Female
Published in Paul V. Malven, Mammalian Neuroendocrinology, 2019
Figure 12-1 illustrates the complex actions of LH and FSH on theca interna and granulosa cells of ovarian follicles that result eventually in the secretion of estradiol into blood. As is true for other hormonal peptides, the action of LH or FSH depends on the target cells possessing cell-surface receptors specific for one of these blood-borne gonadotrophic hormones. The ovarian secretion of estradiol is very complex because the receptors differ among cell types and also vary with the degree of gonadotrophic stimulation of follicular growth. The wall of the follicle consists of an inner non-vascularized layer of granulosa cells that line the follicle wall and surround the oocyte. This inner layer of granulosa cells, also called membrana granulosa, is separated from the vascularized layer of theca interna cells by the basement membrane of the follicle. The cells of the membrana granulosa are not a homogeneous population probably due to location-dependent specializations. Granulosa cells located in the cumulus region surrounding the oocyte appear to have specialized contacts with the oocyte. The layers of granulosa cells located just inside the basement membrane are classified as pseudostratified because processes from the cells in several layers have contact with the basement membrane (Lipner and Cross, 1968). However, some granulosa cells located in the interior of the follicle lack cellular contact with the basement membrane.
Epithelial cell dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: the epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Jing Yuan, Ming Wang, Chengshuo Wang, Luo Zhang
The nasal respiratory epithelium is a ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, consisting of ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, and non-ciliated columnar cells [7,8]. Nasal epithelial cells form the first mechanical barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the submucosa. When the epithelium is damaged, the basal cells, which act as stem cells, proliferate and migrate to the damaged area, where they differentiate into ciliated cells or goblet cells to reconstruct epithelium to restore the barrier function [9]. In addition to the epithelial barrier, ciliated cells and goblet cells also form another effective defensive barrier known as mucociliary clearance, which traps and removes particles and gases dissolved in the mucus. Goblet cells and the submucosal plasma-secreting glands secrete large amounts of fluid to form a mucus blanket that adheres to the epithelial surface and traps pathogens and inhaled particles, whereas ciliated cells beat in metachronal waves to propel the pathogens and inhaled particles that are trapped in the mucous layer out of the airways [10,11].
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing therapies for cystic fibrosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Overall, the most difficult choice facing CFTR treatment development is which cell type to target, as the different tissue layers of the pseudostratified epithelium carry unique demands and challenges. Targeting individual mutations in vivo and ex vivo may fall out of favor due to such challenges, and a true ‘one size fits all’ (or, more realistically, ‘one size fits most’) cure will more likely be based on superexon integration or safe-harbor insertion of CFTR cDNA. Additionally, avoiding the potential pitfalls of gene editing (off-target editing and DSB-induced apoptosis) may be avoided by correcting cells ex vivo and reimplanting them into the epithelium; however, cellular engraftment presents its own set of challenges and risks to patient health. The CRISPR system has opened the door for precise and efficient genome editing, and further adaptations of CRISPR-Cas9 have already begun leading to exciting developments in safer and more widely applicable technologies.
Morphological features of the secretory phase endometrium in women with unexplained infertility
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Özdem Karaoğlan, Yurdun Kuyucu, İbrahim Ferhat Ürünsak, Derya Gümürdülü, Özgül Tap
In the fertile group, the cells of glandular epithelium were columnar in nature, the number of cells with pinopodes was increased, and ciliated cells were very rare. In some areas, common autophagic vacuoles were observed in the cytoplasm of microvilli-rich cells as well as cells with pinopodes. These autophagic vacuoles were surrounded by membranes and contained a part of cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum cisterns, mitochondria, electron dense granular structures, and membrane-surrounded vesicles (Figure 4c). In the infertile group, columnar type glandular epithelium consisted of microvilli-rich cells, plenty of cells with pinopodes and vesiculated cells, with few ciliated cells. However, pseudostratified and stratified squamous types of glandular epithelium with numerous mitotic figures between epithelial cells were also seen in some areas (Figure 4c,d).