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Lower Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Malynda Williams
Using MRI, Herzog (2011) found accessory plantaris muscles in 63 of 1,000 (6.3%) symptomatic patients. In 62 cases, the normal plantaris and accessory plantaris had merged origins. One accessory plantaris muscle originated with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The accessory plantaris muscles had insertions into the iliotibial tract in 5 out of the 63 cases (7.9%), the lateral patellar retinaculum in 15 cases (23.8%), and the iliotibial band in 43 cases (68.3%) (Herzog 2011). Ashaolu et al. (2014) studied gastrocnemius and plantaris in 60 legs from 30 Nigerian cadavers. In the legs with a two-headed gastrocnemius (21 legs), there was 100% simultaneous occurrence of plantaris. In the legs with multi-headed gastrocnemius (39 legs), there was 90% simultaneous occurrence of plantaris. Plantaris was thus present in 56 out of 60 legs (93.3%).
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The posterior muscles of the ankle and foot are gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior. As a group, these muscles cross the back of the ankle and plantarflex the ankle. Gastrocnemius is the large two-headed muscle that forms the bulk of the calf and also flexes the knee (see knee – muscles) and supinates the foot. The next largest muscle of the calf is soleus, which lies deep to the gastrocnemius; its action is purely plantarflexing the ankle. Between these two muscles lies the small plantaris muscle, which makes a minor contribution to flexing the knee and plantarflexing the ankle. Deep to these muscles lies popliteus; this muscle contributes to flexing the knee and internally rotating the tibia. Flexors digitorum and hallucis longus flex the four lesser toes and great toe respectively. Tibialis posterior supinates the foot in addition to plantarflexing the ankle. Two muscles are situated laterally on the leg, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis. Their role is pronating the foot and plantarflexing the ankle. The intrinsic muscles of the foot contribute to movement of the toes. There are many muscles within the foot, with the muscles of the dorsum of the foot being four layers deep.
The Bladder (BL)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Plantaris muscle: Weakly assists the gastrocnemius muscle in plantarflexing the ankle and in flexing the knee. The plantaris muscle contains an exceptionally high density of proprioceptive endings that confer the ability to relay feedback about position of the foot to the central nervous system. As such, it may act more as an adjunct stabilizer for the foot and ankle.
Developmental mechanisms of CPSP: Clinical observations and translational laboratory evaluations
Published in Canadian Journal of Pain, 2022
Plantar hind paw incision incorporates incision of the skin and underlying plantaris muscle and produces cellular and molecular alterations specific to this type of injury.6,12,13 Acute behavioral hyperalgesia (reduced hindlimb reflex thresholds) is evoked, with the degree and duration of sensitivity influenced by postnatal age14,15 but not sex.16 In younger animals, incision-induced electrophysiological changes in large dorsal root ganglion neurons persist beyond the period of behavioral hyperalgesia, afferent-evoked activity in second-order dorsal horn neurons is more marked and rapid,17,18 and noxious-evoked potentials in the somatosensory cortex are enhanced and more resistant to increasing isoflurane anesthesia.19 In addition, incision produces developmentally regulated long-term changes in nociceptive processing and response to re-incision20,21 that differ from other injury models (see reviews for inflammatory, nerve injury, arthritis, stress, and immune challenge models7,11,22–28).
Differential effects of heat stress on fibre capillarisation in tenotomised soleus and plantaris muscles
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2018
Muthita Hirunsai, Ratchakrit Srikuea
Taken together, the aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of heat stress on the adaptation of capillary content, angiogenic regulators and fibre-type composition after Achilles tendon transection in rat soleus (tenotomised soleus) and plantaris (tenotomised plantaris) muscles. Both muscle types were chosen in this study because soleus represents the predominantly slow-twitch and oxidative postural muscles, whereas plantaris muscle represents predominantly fast-twitch and glycolytic muscles [22]. Since tendon rupture is commonly encountered following trauma or degenerative musculoskeletal diseases [23], we chose this animal model in the present study. Here, we hypothesised that heat stress could alleviate capillary regression of tenotomised muscle in different angiogenic responses between soleus and plantaris muscles. In addition, heat stress-induced capillarisation could be associated with the promotion of slow-oxidative fibre in disuse muscle atrophy.
Impact of methionine restriction on muscle aerobic metabolism and hypertrophy in young and old mice on an obesogenic diet
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
Anandini Swaminathan, Leonardo Cesanelli, Tomas Venckunas, Hans Degens
During the twelfth week of the dietary intervention, compensatory hypertrophy of the right plantaris muscles was induced in all mice by cutting the branches of the n. Ischiadicus supplying the m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus as close to their point of entry to the belly of the muscle as possible. A segment of each branch was removed to prevent reinnervation. The left plantaris muscle served as the internal control. The surgery was performed under anaesthesia (isoflurane—4% and O2 at 2 L·min−1 until the animal did not respond to foot-pad-pinch, and then maintained with 1.5% isoflurane and 1 L·min−1 O2).