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Knee Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
The patellar tendon is located inferior to the patella. The patellar tendon originates in the patellar apex and runs inferiorly to attach to the tibial tuberosity on the anterior aspect of the tibia. Technically the patellar tendon is not supposed to be called a tendon. A tendon is connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone, but the patellar tendon connects a bone (patellar) to a bone (tibial tuberosity). A ligament connects between bones, so the patellar tendon should be called the patellar ligament.
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The knee relies heavily on its ligaments for stability, since the bones themselves are somewhat flat in the area of contact. There are four major ligaments at the tibiofemoral joint, plus the menisci – additional soft tissue structures that also provide stability at the knee (Figure 16). The patellofemoral joint has one ligament associated with it: the patellar ligament.
The knee
Published in Ashley W. Blom, David Warwick, Michael R. Whitehouse, Apley and Solomon’s System of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 2017
Andrew Price, Nick Bottomley, William Jackson
This occurs mainly in young people. The ligament may rupture or may be avulsed from the lower pole of the patella (a sleeve fracture). Operative repair, again usually through tunnels in the patella, is necessary unless a sleeve fracture is minimally displaced, where splinting will suffice. Following treatment, pain and tenderness in the middle portion of the patellar ligament may occur in athletes; CT or ultrasonography will reveal an abnormal area. If rest fails to provide relief the paratenon should be stripped.
On the impact force analysis of two-leg landing with a flexed knee
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Marzieh Mojaddarasil, Mohammad Jafar Sadigh
In order to model the contact of the legs with the ground in drop landing, we used a simple 2D four-link musculoskeletal model, as shown in Figure 1. It was assumed that the two legs move together in complete synchrony with the same kinematics, i.e. the leg motions have left-right symmetry, and therefore, we modeled only half of the body. The four links represent the head-arm-trunk (HAT), the thigh, the shank and the foot. The model has three joints: the hip, knee and ankle. The hip and ankle were modeled as frictionless revolute joints, and the knee joint was modeled as a planar joint consisting of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints according to (Nisell et al. 1986; Yamaguchi and Zajac 1989; Kernozek and Regan 2008). The tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics were defined by the knee flexion angle according to (Delp 1991). In all three joints, no passive moment resistance was considered. Moreover, the tibia and femur are connected to each other via knee ligaments, and the patella segment is connected to the tibia via the patellar ligament (PL). All these ligaments were considered as fixed length strings (Delp 1991).1
Cat at home? Cat scratch disease with atypical presentations and aggressive radiological findings mimicking sarcoma, a potential diagnostic pitfall
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2021
Florian Amerstorfer, Jasminka Igrec, Thomas Valentin, Andreas Leithner, Lukas Leitner, Mathias Glehr, Jörg Friesenbichler, Iva Brcic, Marko Bergovec
Case no. 10. A 37-year-old female with an infrapatellar infiltrative soft tissue lesion of the knee. (A) Proton density (PD) image shows irregular heterogeneous soft tissue lesion in subcutaneous tissue just anterior to patellar ligament with surrounding edema (white arrow) and joint effusion. (B) Homogenous hypointense signal intensity on T1-weighted image (white arrow). (C) Axial PD image shows the hyperintense lesion and extension of soft tissue edema (white arrow). (D) Sagittal T1 VIBE image after application of Gd-contrast shows homogenous contrast enhancement of the lesion with an irregular margin (white arrow). On all sequences, the patellar ligament is intact. (E–F) Histology shows fatty tissue with extensive fibrosis and numerous granulomas with central necrosis. (G–H) Central necrosis (black stars) is often stellate in appearance with admixed neutrophils and surrounded by palisading histiocytes (black arrows, H).
Influence of tibial bearing curvatures of a customised total knee implant on squatting motion and loads
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
All ligaments (knee collateral ligaments MCL and LCL, cruciate ligaments ACL and PCL, retinaculum and patellofemoral collateral ligaments) were modelled as nonlinear springs with appropriate insertion points on the femur and tibia respectively. The stiffness of these ligament bundles and the equation of the force–displacement curve were referenced from the literature (Blankevoort and Huiskes 1991; Naghibi Beidokhti et al. 2017). The pre-strain values of collateral ligaments from the literature (Blankevoort and Huiskes 1991; Naghibi Beidokhti et al. 2017) led the dynamic simulation to diverge with one-side-condylar lift-off due to insufficient contact forces between femur and tibia, therefore, all the collateral ligament pre-strains were set to be 0.1. The spring stiffness of patellar ligament (PL) was nonlinear and referenced from the patellar ligament force-elongation relationships for men experimentally measured by O’Brien et al. (2010). All the material properties were adopted from those in the previous study (Wang and Wang 2019) except the tibial insert material UHMWPE which was varied from linear mechanical property (elasticity modulus E = 1016 MPa, Poisson’s ratio E = 550 MPa, 2003; Shi 2007) was used to simulate the nonlinear elastic–plastic property of tibial insert.