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Order Martellivirales: Virgaviridae
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Kaur et al. (2010) used the 2D substrates coated with the TMV nanorods to study the differentiation process of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into osteoblast-like cells. The presence of the TMV nanorods significantly affected the expression levels of genes involved in osteo-differentiation and subsequent cell behavior. Thus, the early interaction of cells with TMV triggered signaling pathways and enhanced osteogenic differentiation potentials. Remarkably, the surface coating with the TMV particles was essential to accelerate differentiation from 21 to 14 days, whereas supplementing the media with virus as a solution failed to induce the similar enhanced differentiation (Sitasuwan et al. 2012). To progress from 2D to 3D models, Luckanagul et al. (2012) generated a 3D scaffold that incorporated the TMV particles without affecting their quaternary structures in the porous hydrogels. The assembly of the porous hydrogel with the TMV particles required no covalent linkages between the alginate and virus coat proteins, which simplified postassembly. As a proof of concept, mesenchymal stem cells were seeded and induced to osteogenic lineage.
Bone Regeneration Effect of Cassia occidentalis Linn. Extract and Its Isolated Compounds
Published in Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay, Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay
Unlike in rat, where emodin had no effect on preventing the OVX-induced bone loss, in OVX mouse, emodin (100 mg/kg b.i.d. every 3 days) given for 3 months increased osteoblast number with the increase in Runx2 positive cells in the lumbar vertebra and contributed to increases in bone mass and improved microarchitecture. In mouse bone marrow, emodin inhibited the OVX-induced adipocyte number and fat tissue fraction. In cultures of MSCs derived from bone marrow, emodin induced proliferation as well as differentiation. Osteogenic genes including Runx2, osterix, osteocalcin, col1 and BMP-4 were upregulated by emodin. Furthermore, emodin suppressed the differentiation of MSCs to adipocytes with attendant decreases in adipogenic genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma PPARγ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha C/EBPα and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). Since increased adipogenesis significantly contributes to osteoclastogenic differentiation, emodin’s suppression of adipogenesis is likely to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and ultimately resorption. However, this study did not assess resorption parameters in OVX mice (Yang et al., 2014).
Biochemistry of Exercise Training: Effects on Bone
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Panagiota Klentrou, Rozalia Kouvelioti
Bone is a dynamic tissue, which responds to various signals, including chemical, mechanical, electrical, and magnetic stimuli. Information is transferred across the cell's cytoplasm to the nucleus via binding of a signal ligand to either cell membrane receptors or intracellular receptors (cytoplasmic or nuclear, respectively). There are three types of bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteogenic cells are not specialized and derive from mesenchyme embryonic tissue, the tissue from which all connective tissues are formed (69). These cells differentiate into osteoblasts during bone development and repair, in the embryonic stage and in injury, respectively (21). Osteoblasts are the major bone formation cells that initiate calcification, regulate osteoclasts, make the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and produce osteoid, the uncalcified organic matrix of bone. Osteoblasts are approximately 15–30 microns in size and are cuboidal-shaped. They have a large nucleus localized in the bottom half of the cytoplasm, an abundant endoplasmic reticulum, enlarged Golgi apparati, and collagen-containing secretory vesicles. They are responsible for the laying down of new matrix (collagen and hydroxyapatite) on bone surfaces in the process of bone formation and play a critical role in the regulation of bone turnover. They also synthesize and secrete collagen protein to form the osteoid, which then becomes calcified through the depositing of hydroxyapatite by the osteoblasts (90).
Evaluation of the Growth and Differentiation of Human Fetal Osteoblasts (hFOB) Cells on Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM)
Published in Organogenesis, 2021
Flavia Oliveira Pinho, Paulo Pinto Joazeiro, Arnaldo R. Santos Jr
Cells with osteogenic potential are believed to be an ideal source for bone tissue bioengineering.5,6 Mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoblasts are indicated to have osteogenic capabilities. Furthermore, many materials employed into the scaffold production line for bone tissue engineering have been investigated, and some parameters were identified as being critical to its success: biodegradability, porosity and pore interconnectivity, adequate mechanical strength, and biocompatibility.4,7 Although there are some promising approaches using implants made of bioresorbable ceramic or polymers that form an osteoinductive or osteoconductive matrix supplemented with osteoblasts,8 autologous bone still meets all features cited above and, therefore, continues to be the gold standard for the Regenerative Medicine of bone tissue and orthopedic grafts.9,10
Application of Platelet Rich Fibrin in Tissue Engineering: Focus on Bone Regeneration
Published in Platelets, 2021
Ahmad Reza Farmani, Mohammad Hossein Nekoofar, Somayeh Ebrahimi Barough, Mahmoud Azami, Nima Rezaei, Sohrab Najafipour, Jafar Ai
Tissue engineering aims to provide a new and effective treatment for bone defects, so this attempt focuses on utilizing the body’s ability for the regeneration of bone. In bone tissue engineering, three major components, including stem cells, scaffold, and growth factors are required [1]. Stem cells, which are differentiated to different lines of a cell such as osteogenic cells, act as a cell source for new bone. Also, mesenchymal stem cells are the most common cell source in bone tissue engineering [2–4]. Also, biomaterials have essential roles in tissue engineering, including providing temporary mechanical support, encouraging cell adhesion, replication, differentiation and controlling the size and shape of the regenerated tissue [5]. Bioceramics are usually found only in hard tissues such as bones and teeth. The most important bioceramic in the hard tissues is hydroxyapatite [6], which forms the predominant mineral nature of the bone structure, making them the primary option for constructing scaffolds in bone tissue engineering [7,8]. Owing to the special properties of nanomaterials such as high surface area, unique bioactivity, and other desirable features, using nanostructures especially nano-ceramics, and nanofibers in bone tissue engineering has been increased drastically [9–11]. Additionally, for imitating the structure of bone, the direction of research has been extended to the production of a scaffold that mimics the natural mineralization process of bone formation [12,13].
GPR39 agonist TC-G 1008 promotes osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Xingyu Chai, Wencan Zhang, Bingying Chang, Xianli Feng, Jiang Song, Le Li, Chenxiao Yu, Junyong Zhao, Haipeng Si
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate various key biological processes in eukaryotes. GPCRs are also highly important drug targets and medications that target GPCRs account for about 34% of available drugs [7]. Among the more than 800 GPCRs, a small portion of them lack endogenous ligands. These are referred to as orphan GPCRs. Orphan GPCRs are highly regarded as a novel class of drug targets. GPR39 is a conserved orphan GPCR that has been shown to be involved in zinc ion transport as well as other aspects of metabolic regulation [8]. Recently, a new compound named TC-G 1008 (also named as GPR39-C3) was developed based on 2-pyridylpyrimidines and has been shown to be highly specific in binding to GPR39, making it a powerful tool to investigate the function of this receptor in diverse cell types [9,10]. GPR39 has been shown to be expressed in different osteoblast cell lines [11]. In the present study, we sought to investigate the control mechanism behind osteogenic differentiation. Thanks to the successful development of the potent GPR39 agonist TC-G 1008, we are able to pursue a deeper understanding of the involvement of GPR39 in bone. Here, we explored the role of GPR39 signaling in osteoblast differentiation using an in vitro cell culture and differentiation model MC3TC-E1 cells.