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Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided into regions, or lobes, named after the overlying cranial bones. On each hemisphere, the deep groove of the central sulcus divides the anterior frontal lobe from the posterior parietal lobe. The lateral surface of the frontal lobe comprises the precentral gyrus with the precentral sulcus in front. The inferior surface is marked by orbital gyri and is in direct contact with the forward extending olfactory tract and bulb.
The nervous system and the eye
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
James A.R. Nicoll, William Stewart, Fiona Roberts
These are the most common form of focal brain damage directly attributable to injury. They may occur at the site of contact, particularly if there is a depressed fracture, but in any blunt head injury they tend to involve regions contacting the rough surfaces of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. As such, they are commonly found over the frontal poles, orbital gyri, temporal poles, and inferior and lateral surfaces of the anterior halves of the temporal lobes (Figure 12.9).
Cardiovascular physiology
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The limbic system is formed by parts of both frontal lobes and consists of the anterior cingulate, posterior orbital gyrus, hippocampus and amygdala. The amygdala subserves fear and rage behaviour by activating the hypothalamic defence area. In animals, stimulation of the amygdala produces a cardiovascular response similar to that provoked by danger: a rise in heart rate, increased arterial blood pressure, skeletal muscle arteriolar vasodilatation and renal vasoconstriction. The limbic system may also produce the ‘playing dead’ reaction seen when some young animals are in danger, in addition to severe bradycardia and hypotension.
Clinical applications of exercise in Parkinson’s disease: what we need to know?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Sergio Machado, Diogo Teixeira, Diogo Monteiro, Claudio Imperatori, Eric Murillo-Rodriguez, Fernanda Pereira da Silva Rocha, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Sandra Amatriain-Fernández, Henning Budde, Mauro Giovanni Carta, Leonardo Caixeta, Alberto Souza de Sá Filho
Chronically, the RCT proposed by Segura et al. [88] analyzed during 16 weeks the effects of a continuous tandem bicycle program (at 80% of maximum heart rate (HR), 20 min, 3x a week) on markers of PD severity, cardiovascular (VO2Max) and neurotrophic (BDNF) biomarkers and functional resonance imaging. Results show a significant increase in VO2Max (19.4 to 25.1 ml/kg/min, intragroup p = 0.008; intergroup control × high intensity group p = 0.041), and a reduction, but not statistically significant, of symptoms determined by the mean score of the UPDRS scale (5.7 – point decrease intragroup p = 0.12; between-group control × HIIT difference was p = 0.11). Mean BDNF increased significantly with high intensity training (27.2 to 218.7 pg/ml – intragroup p = 0.002), as did the platelet-derived growth factor measure (PDGF-AA – 22.9 to 192 pg/ml – intragroup p = 0.038), and PDGF-AB/BB (16.3 to 366 pg/ml – intragroup p = 0.013). Changes in BDNF were also positively correlated with improvements in VO2Max (r = 0.58, p = 0.047) and UPDRS score (r = −0.58, p = 0.040). Finally, the post-exercise increases the functional connectivity between the right posterior cingulum and the middle frontal and superior orbital gyri, as well as between the vermis and the thalamus and posterior temporal gyrus.
Treatment of posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction with corticosteroids and olfactory training
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Mette Bratt, Kent G. Moen, Ståle Nordgård, Anne-S. Helvik, Toril Skandsen
MRI of the brain had been performed at a median of 35 d (range 3–528 d) after injury in 20/23 patients in a 1.5-T Siemens Symphony or a Siemens Avanto MR imaging system (Siemens Medical) using a standard clinical protocol including diffusion weighted imaging, T2*-weighted gradient echo imaging and FLAIR imaging. For more details, see a previous publication [18]. One of the co-authors (K.G.M.) reviewed the MRI scans for orbitofrontal lesions. Orbitofrontal lesions were defined as contusions or traumatic axonal injury located in the medial, lateral, anterior and posterior orbital gyrus as well as in the gyrus rectus. The surgical interventions registered were: (1) Mass lesion evacuation (epidural, subdural or intracerebral hematomas or large contusions) and (2) surgery due to facial fracture or soft tissue damage; registered with a yes or no response.
Functional brain alterations in migraine patients: an activation likelihood estimation study
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Lihua Gu, Hao Shu, Yanjuan Wang
Migraine patients showed reduced CBF in the left culmen of vermis, compared to HC (Figure 5a and supplementary table 3). In addition, migraine patients showed increased CBF in the right MFG, the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and the right STG, compared to HC (Figure 5b and supplementary table 3). All included patients were MWoA patients in the included studies. Chen et al. [27] found that the CBF value of the left STG was positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores. Zhang et al. [23] reported that the increased CBF of the right middle frontal orbital gyrus was positively correlated with both the Visual Light Sensitivity Questionnaire-8 and the monthly attack frequency score.