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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Sternocleidomastoid is associated with multiple named accessory muscles. Coskun et al. (2002) report a case in which sternomastoid and cleidomastoid were accompanied by a “sternocleidooccipital” muscle, which had a single origin from the occiput and a split attachment onto the clavicle and the manubrium. This accessory muscle sent an additional bundle to sternomastoid. Platysma cervicale (transversus nuchae, occipital platysma) runs from the occipital region to the mouth or posterior ear region and may insert into the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid (see the entry for this muscle). Levator claviculae originates from the transverse processes of some cervical vertebrae and inserts onto the clavicle, sometimes inserting into sternocleidomastoid (see the entry for this muscle). Supraclavicularis proprius originates from the cervical fascia overlying the clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid and the sternoclavicular joint and inserts onto the distal end of the clavicle or the fascial sheath of trapezius (see the entry for this muscle). Sternalis, a variable accessory muscle that extends from the sternal/infraclavicular area to the upper abdominal wall or costal cartilages, may originate from or blend with sternocleidomastoid (see the entry for this muscle). Cleido-occipitalis cervicalis is situated near the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, extending between the occiput and the clavicle (see the entry for this muscle).
Scalp laceration
Published in Alisa McQueen, S. Margaret Paik, Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Illustrated Clinical Cases, 2018
The galea aponeurotica is a dense, tendon-like structure that covers the skull. It connects to the frontalis muscle anteriorly and the occipitalis muscle posteriorly. It is important to evaluate this structure for lacerations, as failure to approximate lacerations of the galea aponeurotica can lead to cosmetic deformities due to asymmetric frontalis muscle elevation. Additionally, this serves as a layer to protect the skull from skin infections.
The Gallbladder (GB)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
At GB 18, the innervation of the GB line shifts from predominantly trigeminal nerve-based (GB 13 to GB 17) to a much greater occipital nerve influence (GB 18 – GB 19). Thus, these points may better address cervicogenic headaches than those arising from trigeminal nerve irritation. That said, however, if one considers the convergence of upper cervical spinal nerve afferents onto the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, an anatomical basis manifests for crosstalk occurring between nerves supplying both the rostral and caudal cranium.6 Furthermore, tension in the occipitofrontalis muscle worsens nerve irritation; relaxing both the occipitalis and frontalis with dry needling suggests treatment of rostral and caudal GB (and/or BL) loci.
Dry needling as a novel intervention for cervicogenic somatosensory tinnitus: a case study
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Aaron Womack, Raymond Butts, James Dunning
Dry needling was applied during all treatment sessions with minimal variation of location with one exception. During the 4th treatment, which took place eight days after the initial clinical assessment, the patient reported no headache or tinnitus symptoms. However, she experienced a headache 24-hours earlier and requested treatment to address the occipital region. In addition to an upper cervical HVLA thrust manipulation, targeting the C1-C2 facet joints, she received dry needling to the sensitive portion of the occipitalis muscle. Needles were left in situ for 20 minutes with manual stimulation (i.e. unidirectional winding) every 3–4 minutes. Although the patient reported reduced tinnitus symptoms, she did not note an improvement in intermittent headache symptoms following the treatment.
Neck associated factors related to migraine in adolescents with painful temporomandibular disorders
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
Even though there has been controversy about the relationships among the cervical spine disorder, craniocervical posture, and TMD [11,12], many studies have focussed on the influence of the cervical pain and altered head and neck posture on the TMD and migraine [10,13–24]. The cranium, mandible, and cervical spine form a functional unit and their mutual functional and neurological dependence may underly the coexisting condition of cervical dysfunction, migraine, and TMD. Elevated myofascial pain (MFP) sensitivity in the cervical muscles including the trapezius, sternocleiodomastoid (SCM), sub-occipitalis, and splenius capitis muscles in patients with TMD with or without migraine has been investigated [13–18,22]. Head and neck posture has been regarded as an indicator of the equilibrium between the craniofacial structure and upper cervical spine. Previous studies have attempted to clarify the associations among MFP sensitisation process in the masticatory and cervical muscles, headache, and altered craniocervical posture [15,16,19,21,23–28]. A forward head posture seems to influence MFP sensitisation process in the cervical muscles which finally could lead to the development of headache and the referred pain in the masticatory muscles [15,18,22–25]. Many studies have attempted to reveal the associations between cervical dysfunction and migraine or TMD each [14,20,24,26,28], but the interactions among cervical dysfunction, altered head and neck posture, and migraine in TMD patients have not been elucidated.
Posttraumatic subgaleal herniation of an intracranial cerebral arterial segment
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2019
Manav Bhalla, John L. Ulmer, Andrew P. Klein, Kieran E. McAvoy, Namrata M. Bhalla
The scalp layers from superficial to deep include skin, subcutaneous tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar tissue, and the pericranium (following the acronym SCALP). Galea is an anatomically important landmark that anchors superficial scalp layers to the pericranium, with an intervening layer of subgaleal fascia, and is considered a crude dividing plane between the intracranial and extracranial vasculature. Galeal aponeurotic sheath blends with the paired frontalis muscles anteriorly, occipitalis muscles posteriorly, and temporoparietalis muscles laterally.1 Two small ophthalmic distribution arteries (supratrochlear, supraorbital) supply the forehead, and three ECA distribution arteries (posterior auricular, superficial temporal, and occipital) supply most of the scalp, including the aponeurosis. These vessels are anchored in the galea and send penetrating branches to overlying subcutaneous tissue and to underlying less vascularized subgaleal space, where they arborize to form a meshwork that extends to the pericranium.1 Bone perforators from meningeal arteries contribute minimal blood supply to the scalp.1