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The Gallbladder (GB)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle: Moves the scalp backward by drawing back the galea aponeurotica. The occipital belly becomes active during smiling and yawning. Ear movements can also activate the occipital belly.4
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The occipitofrontalis muscle is formed by the frontalis and the occipitalis muscles, connected by the epicranial aponeurosis that lies between the superficial layers (skin and connective tissue formed by dense subcutaneous tissue containing the vessels and nerves of the scalp) and deep layers (loose connective tissue that permits the scalp to move over the calvaria and pericranium, that is the periosteum of the cranial bones) of the scalp. Near to the occipitofrontalis lie the four facial muscles connecting the skull to the external ear, which in humans (contrary to most mammals) usually only produce minor movements of the ear lobe. These four muscles are the auricularis anterior, auricularis posterior, auricularis superior, and the temporoparietalis (a thin muscle usually not described or shown in atlases of human anatomy). Other facial muscles present in humans and most mammals are the depressor supercilii and corrugator supercilii above the eye; the nasalis and depressor septi nasi in the nose region; and the deep muscles levator anguli oris and buccinator. The buccinator runs from the pterygomandibular raphe and the lateral surfaces of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible to the angle of the mouth. The buccinator is a peculiar muscle of facial expression because it is the only facial muscle that also significantly helps with mastication by compressing the cheek against the molar teeth, thus keeping food on the grinding surfaces of the molar teeth during chewing. In addition, humans have a muscle that is almost unique to our species: the risorius, attached to the corner of the mouth (it is sometimes also present in great apes such as chimpanzees). Its name comes from the Latin “risus” meaning “laugh,” as this muscle pulls the corners of the lips laterally and posteriorly.
Improvement of visual function and ocular and systemic symptoms following blepharoptosis surgery
Published in Orbit, 2021
Xiaodong Zheng, Hiroko Yamada, Arisa Mitani, Atsushi Shiraishi, Tomoyuki Kamao, Tomoko Goto
Electromyographic examinations of the frontalis muscle of patients with and without chronic tension-type headache showed that patients with ptosis maintain an effective visual field by activating the mechanoreceptors in Müller’s muscle. This then stimulates a tonic reflex which contracts the occipitofrontalis muscle which induces a chronic tension-type headache associated with occipitofrontalis tenderness.22 Therefore, a levator advancement procedure can desensitize the mechanoreceptors in Müller’s muscle and thereby contribute to the relief of the chronic tension-type headache in blepharoptosis patients.23
A personalized treatment approach of frontalis muscle with botulinum toxin A (Bont-A) related to functional anatomy: case studies
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2020
The frontalis muscle is the only muscle in the upper face able to raise the eyebrow and eyelid during the contraction phase. Its action is antagonist to the action of the muscles of the glabella complex (corrugator supercilii, procerus) and orbicularis oculii. Therefore, the paretic treatment of frontalis muscle may not only reduce the horizontal forehead lines but also affect the position and shape of the eyebrow, the eyelid, and the height of the forehead (3). The occipitofrontalis muscle comprises an anterior frontal belly and a posterior occipital belly, joined through the galea aponeurotica.