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Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for Neuroendocrine Tumours
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Anna Sundlöv, Katarina Sjögreen Gleisner
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are malignant neoplasms originating from the diffuse neuroendocrine system, which is one of the human body’s internal communication systems. This system is present in virtually all the epithelialized organs of the body, in the form of neuroendocrine cells interspersed among other cell types of the epithelium, and also includes endocrine organs such as the pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, and adrenal glands. NETs are thus tumours originating from these specialized neuroendocrine cells. Although NETs are in part defined by their organ of origin, they have more in common with other NETs than with other tumours of the same organ. They have a wide range of clinical presentations, depending on location of the primary tumours and metastases, hormonal production, and proliferation rate.
Neuroendocrine tumours
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Sairah R Khan, Kathryn L Wallitt, Adil Al-Nahhas, Tara D Barwick
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are a diverse group of rare tumours arising from neuroendocrine cells throughout the body and with a wide spectrum of tumour biology and clinical behaviour. Most are well-differentiated, slow-growing tumours, whilst a minority are aggressive. NETs are classified based on tumour grading (Ki-67 and mitotic index) and tumour location. NETs can arise anywhere in the body, but the majority (60%–70%) arise from the gastroenteropancreatic system (GEP-NET) and the lungs (30%) (1). Most NETs are non-functioning; however, up to 30% of NETs are functioning tumours with hypersecretion of various biogenic amines and peptide hormones predisposing patients to clinical syndromes with symptoms such as diarrhoea, flushing, hyperglycaemia, or hypoglycaemia.
Epithelial Cells
Published in Bruce S. Bochner, Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disease, 2020
Neuroendocrine cells also reside in the basal region of the epithelium and typically have thin cytoplasmic extensions to the luminal surface (36,37). Their numbers increase as the caliber of airways decreases to the bronchiolar level, but more distally, in the terminal bronchioles, they are very sparse (1,36). Collections of neuroendocrine cells, called neuroepithelial bodies, tend to be concentrated near the bifurcation points of intrapulmonary airways (38,39). The main ultra-structural feature of these cells is the presence of secretory granules, called dense-cored vesicles, which are characterized by an electron-dense core separated by a clear space from the outer membrane (37). They are localized to the basal portion of the cells and contain a broad spectrum of bioactive secretory products, including serotonin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gastrinreleasing peptide (bombesin), enkephalin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and substance P (37).
EMR-P for small rectal neuroendocrine tumors: is it a preferred treatment?
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Zhaohui Liu, Chunsi Zheng, Shihua Ding, Chong Chen, Jingbo Yang, Ruinuan Wu, Dayong Sun
Neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) generally refers to a family of heterogeneous tumors originating from peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Clinically, this family of neoplasms consists of low-grade malignant tumors with inert and slow growth as well as high-grade malignant tumors with metastatic characteristics [1]. The human digestive tract is the preferred site of neuroendocrine tumors. The endoscopic detection rate of rectal neuroendocrine tumors is approximately 0.17%, accounting for 12%∼27% of all neuroendocrine tumors and 20% of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors [2]. Rectal NETs with a diameter less than 10 mm have a low risk of distant metastasis (<3%). Most patients can undergo radical resection, and the long-term prognosis is good, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 98%∼100% [2]. At present, it is reported that rectal NETs less than 10 mm can be completely removed endoscopically [3,4].
Somatostatin-derived amyloidosis: a novel type of amyloidosis associated with well-differentiated somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumours
Published in Amyloid, 2022
Benjamin J. Van Treeck, Surendra Dasari, Paul J. Kurtin, Jason D. Theis, Samih H. Nasr, Lizhi Zhang, Saba Yasir, Rondell P. Graham, Ellen D. McPhail, Samar Said
Gastroenteropancreatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours are uncommon, with an incidence of 6.98 cases per 100,000 individuals per year [7]. These neuroendocrine tumours are derived from neuroendocrine cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, intestine mucosal Kulchitsky cells, and enterochromaffin cells of the stomach [8]. Because neuroendocrine tumours are derived from neuroendocrine cells that normally secrete hormones, a minority of neuroendocrine tumours continue to secrete hormones, such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, after neoplastic transformation and are termed functional. Functional neuroendocrine tumours commonly produce syndromes related to the secreted hormones, such as hypoglycaemia resulting from insulin secretion and somatostatin syndrome resulting from somatostatin secretion. However, most neuroendocrine tumours are non-functional. Here, we report a new type of amyloidosis (somatostatin-associated amyloidosis) in the setting of non-functional, well-differentiated, somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumours (somatostatinomas). To our knowledge, this type of amyloidosis has not been previously reported in humans.
Exosomal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and patient monitoring
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Lung cancer is responsible for the most cancer deaths worldwide. There are three main types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and lung carcinoid tumors. The two most common types, however, are NSCLC (80–85%) and SCLC (10–15%). NSCLC can be broken into further subtypes, deriving from different areas of the lungs, but all are subjected to similar treatments and have similar prognoses. There are three subtypes of lung cancer: adenocarcinomas, the most common, comprising 40% of diagnosed cases of lung cancer; squamous cell carcinomas, which contribute to 25–30% of lung tumors; and large cell carcinomas which are generally undifferentiated tumors and constitute 10–15% of lung cancers. Lung carcinoid tumors are associated with neuroendocrine cells and make up fewer than 5% of lung cancers [48].