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Craniofacial Regeneration—Bone
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Laura Guadalupe Hernandez, Lucia Pérez Sánchez, Rafael Hernández González, Janeth Serrano-Bello
The neurocranium encloses the brain, the 12 cranial nerves, and the vascular supply within the brain. Its primary function is to protect the brain and is composed by eight bones: the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, two parietal, the occipital and the temporal bones (Chu et al. 2014). The face skeleton is defined by 14 bones: two palatine bones, two lacrimal bones, the maxilla bones, the mandible, the vomer, the zygomatic, two inferior nasal turbinates, as well as two nasal bones (Gaihre et al. 2017; Kawecki et al. 2018).
The skeleton and muscles
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
The skull consists of two general parts: the neurocranium, which provides a container for the brain, and the viscerocranium, from which the face arises (Figure 14.4). Both parts of the skull are formed partially from intramembranous ossification and partially from endochondral ossification. The neurocranium consists of the calvarium (cranial vault), derived from intramembranous ossification, and the base of the skull, derived from endochondral ossification. The viscerocranium, which also results from both intramembranous and endochondral ossification, finds its origin primarily in mesenchymal cells originating in the neural crest.
Anatomy for neurotrauma
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Vasudha Singhal, Sarabpreet Singh
Most of the bones in the neurocranium are flat or diploic bones consisting of two tables enclosing a medullary cavity with red bone marrow. The inner table is thin and brittle, while the outer table is thick and resilient. The diploe do not form where the skull is covered with muscles, leaving the vault thin and prone to fracture. The skull bones vary in thickness in different regions—it is thickened at the glabella, occipital protuberance, mastoid processes, and external angular process of the frontal bone. The thinnest part of the cranium, particularly prone to fractures, is the pterion, an H-shaped junction between the frontal, temporal, parietal, and sphenoid bones. A fracture here can lacerate the underlying middle meningeal artery, resulting in an extradural hematoma. The bones in the viscerocranium are rather delicate and hence susceptible to fracture.
Recent advances in iron oxide nanoparticles for brain cancer theranostics: from in vitro to clinical applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Roghayeh Sheervalilou, Milad Shirvaliloo, Saman Sargazi, Habib Ghaznavi
Despite years of research, diagnosis and treatment of tumors confined to the neurocranium is still an unclear path that might lead to vanity [1]. In some instances, the tumor occurs adjacent to critical functional structures within the brain, making the diagnosis a much more demanding task [4]. The current conventional diagnostic methods for brain cancer include noninvasive imaging techniques and more invasive tests like tissue biopsy. In most of the cases, a biopsy is merely used to confirm the soundness of imaging results. A rather invasive method, biopsy may also be useful in the treatment of certain malignancies [1,4]. Techniques such as CT, PET, MRI, and ultrasound stand among the most frequently used methods for detecting tumors [46–49]. Several confounding factors might actually have a negative impact on the efficiency of imaging methods. Edema or retention of fluid in the tumor environment is one such factor that often impairs the exact discrimination of tumor margins. There is also the resolute BBB in action that can cause a torrent of problems in the proper delivery of contrast agents toward the tumors [4].
Secular trends in cranial chord variables: a study of changes in sexual dimorphism of the North Indian population during 1954–2011
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
Among skull elements, facial bones are the first to be destroyed, while the neurocranium (skull cap or vault) is usually recovered in good condition. In forensic anthropology several studies have been conducted on the foramen magnum (Uysal et al. 2005; Gapert et al. 2009; Ukoha et al. 2011), nasal (Joy et al. 2009; Oladipo et al. 2009) and orbital regions (Lidstone 2011; Jain et al. 2015) of the human skull. In spite of providing low classification accuracies regardless of the population, these anatomical regions are investigated abundantly in forensic anthropological studies. However, researchers have not given much consideration to the usefulness of chord measurements of the neurocranium (cranial vault) in sex classification, even though the chord variables are frequently examined to understand cranial abnormalities such as metopism in various populations (Bryce and Young 1917; Woo 1949; Baaten et al. 2003; Yadav et al. 2010) and Hominin evolution (Trinkaus 1984; Lieberman et al. 2002; Kimbel et al. 2004; Reynolds and Gallagher 2012).
Proton range shift analysis on brain pseudo-CT generated from T1 and T2 MR
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2018
Giampaolo Pileggi, Christoph Speier, Gregory C. Sharp, David Izquierdo Garcia, Ciprian Catana, Jennifer Pursley, Francesco Amato, Joao Seco, Maria Francesca Spadea
MAE and BIAS metrics were used to quantify the differences between the reassigned HU values (pCT) and original HU values (control CT). Values are consistent with others presented in the literature [1,10,12]. Compared to the neurocranium, the viscerocranium posed a more demanding segmentation problem with less accurate air/bone separation, especially in the nasal region and in the sinus. Consequently, the accuracy of the pCT in these areas was compromised. Additionally, the pCT had lower quality in the caudal part of the images. A worse registration due to different cervical postures in the CT and MR, and lower MR image quality (lower SNR and loss of signal homogeneity) in those cervical parts are probable causes for the decreased quality. Since this study focused on the delivery of dose to the cerebral part of the brain of the patients, and radiation beams were not directed through the problematic parts of the generated pseudo-CTs, the obtained images were well suited for our experiment.