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Facial anatomy
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Before considering the soft tissues of the face, one must first gain an appreciation of the bones to which they are attached. The bones not only offer protection to the eyes and brain, but also give structural support to the muscles and vasculature of the face itself. The true facial skeleton is made of fourteen bones; however, we shall also include the frontal bone in our discussion of facial osteology for practical purposes – bringing our number of bones up to fifteen.
Ophthalmic Injuries
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The majority of patients will have a generally symmetrical face. Trauma can cause fractures of the facial skeleton in and around the orbit as well as significant soft-tissue swelling. This may distort the bony and soft-tissue structure, resulting in facial asymmetry. In craniofacial trauma, ocular damage occurs in up to one third of case series.6
Forehead
Published in Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych, Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
Izolda Heydenrych, Fabio Ingallina, Thierry Besins, Shannon Humphrey, Steven R. Cohen, Ines Verner
The facial skeleton provides areas of attachment for the muscles of facial expression. The squamous por-tion of the frontal bone forms the foundation of the forehead (Figure 1.32). Palpable bony landmarks include the temporal crest (temporal fusion line), orbital rim, and orbital foramen, which is often palpable above the level of the medial limbus. These important landmarks predict adjacent vital structures and are best palpated and marked before treatment.The superciliary arches form the bony ridges underlying the eyebrows.The glabella: Smooth midline bony elevation connecting the superciliary arches.The nasion: Craniometric midline point indicating the articulation between the frontal bone and paired nasal bones.The supraorbital foramen (or notch) and frontal notch: Found at the superior border of each orbit, transmitting, respectively, the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves.
Pre-emptive epinephrine nebulization prior to nasotracheal intubation for mandibular fracture fixation surgeries: Does it really differ? A randomised controlled clinical trial
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2023
Rehab Abdelfattah Abdelraziq, Sabah Nagiub Barsoom Ayoub, Hagar Mahmoud El-Sherief, Mohammed Sayed Shorbagy
Maxillofacial fractures are relatively prevalent in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) area and are often due to RTAS, particularly among young men. It has become increasingly prevalent due to high-speed travel, the accelerating pace of contemporary life, the increased frequency of violence, the severity of traffic accidents, crowded societies, sports injuries, industrial traumas, and military injuries [1]. Despite being the strongest as well as the largest bone of the facial skeleton, the mandible is the second most frequently broken bone, following the nasal bones. The most often broken anatomical location is the parasymphysis, followed by the condylar region [2] and [3]. Isolated mandibular fractures, like any other fracture, are associated with pain and inflammation, which pose difficulties for both laryngoscopy and intubation. Bilateral fractures specifically are associated with extensive oral edema and lacerations, which possess surgical and intubation difficulties [4]. Nasotracheal intubation (NTI) is relatively more efficient in individuals with isolated mandibular injuries. Epistaxis is the most common complication of nasal intubation, occurring in 18% to 66% of the instances when the nasal tube destroys the nasal mucosa along its passage [5]. Intravenous steroids and locally administered vasoconstrictors are frequently used to reduce the likelihood of tissue oedema and the possibility of epistaxis [6] and [7]. The use of a method to spread analgesia and vasoconstriction to prepare the nasal and oral mucosa during mandibular fixation surgeries is our goal in this study.
Brachytherapy and osteoradionecrosis in patients with base of tongue cancer
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Daniel Danielsson, Eva Hagel, Sebastian Dybeck-Udd, Mats Sjöström, Göran Kjeller, Martin Bengtsson, Jahan Abtahi, Mathias von Beckerath, Andreas Thor, Martin Halle, Signe Friesland, Claes Mercke, Anders Westermark, Anders Högmo, Eva Munck-Wikland
Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is defined as necrotic bone exposed through a wound in the overlying skin or mucosa, without evidence of tumor recurrence, with a duration of at least six months. ORN affects 3–15% of all patients who undergo radiotherapy (RT) due to head and neck cancer diagnoses [5–7] and can develop into a severe and disabling condition. The most common site in the facial skeleton is in the mandibular bone and the symptoms include pain, trismus, masticatory problems, dysphagia, orocutaneous fistula and fractures. There have been many different classification systems for grading ORN [7] and in November 2017 The US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute published Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0 where osteonecrosis of the jaw is graded from 1–5 [8].
Stop Calling Me Cavernous Hemangioma! A Literature Review on Misdiagnosed Bony Vascular Anomalies
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Carlotta Liberale, Linda Rozell-Shannon, Laura Moneghini, Riccardo Nocini, Stavros Tombris, Giacomo Colletti
Intraosseous vascular malformations cause about 0.5–1% of all bony neoplastic and tumor-like lesions (Vascular malformations are not, as explained before, tumors). The facial skeleton can be involved, with the most affected districts being maxilla and mandible [16]. Many published studies show also zygomatic, nasal, frontal, and orbital bone involvement. Most intraosseous vascular malformations are venous malformations (VMs) and more rarely arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) [17]. However, these too are often misclassified as “hemangioma” or “angioma” of the bone. In extremely rare cases, a bone can be affected by lymphatic malformations which cause extensive disruption: this is known as “Gorham-Stout” disease or “vanishing bone disease” [18] and will not be discussed in this review.