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Functional Rehabilitation
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
Nociceptors have free nerve endings embedded within tissue, which monitor changes in varied stimuli, like chemical conditions (e.g. acidity), mechanical stress and temperature. Nociceptors are sentive to: Abnormal tissue temperatureDecreased blood flow (causes chemical stimulation due to hydrogen ions) (Meyer et al., 2006)Muscle spasmLocal lactic acid accumulation Nociceptors are not ‘pain’ receptors. Nociceptors detect unusually large chemical, mechanical or temperature disturbances and send impulses to the brain, indicting unusually large fluctuations within tissue conditions. Nociceptors also monitor more than one stimulus. If the environment within tissues changes in more than one way, an accumulation of lactic acid and an increase in temperature, for example, then signals combine or summate, increasing the chance that nociceptors activate and send signals informing the brain of an abnormal change in condition.
Introduction to Cancer
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Metastasis is the term used to describe the ability of solid tumors to spread to new sites in the body and establish secondary tumors. Many patients who die of cancer do so as a consequence of metastatic spread to vital organs rather than from their primary tumor. Tumor cells commonly penetrate the walls of lymphatic vessels, distribute to draining lymph nodes, and then move to distant sites. They can also directly invade blood vessels because capillaries have thin walls that offer little resistance. Furthermore, both primary and secondary tumors can expand in size and infiltrate surrounding tissues. When nerve endings are affected, pain and discomfort are experienced. A tumor can also spread across body cavities from one organ to another (e.g., stomach to ovary).
Physiology of the Pain System
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
We will begin our review of the pain system by starting peripherally. Information from the outside world enters the organism through various different receptors. Non-nociceptive or innocuous information is collected by Pacinian corpuscles detecting vibration and pressure, Meissner’s corpuscles detecting light touch, Merkel nerve endings detecting mechanical pressure and position, and Ruffini corpuscles detecting stretch. Innocuous sensory information meant to describe touch, pressure, and proprioception is received from the skin, muscle, and joints.
Advantages and feasibility of intercostal nerve block in uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
The 4th or 5th intercostal space is used as the surgical incision site in uniportal VATS in clinical practice. Intraoperative injury to the intercostal nerve may lead to postoperative pain. The intercostal nerve is a mixed nerve branch formed by the union of the anterior and posterior roots after the thoracic spinal cord. Each intercostal nerve emerges from the intervertebral foramen and travels at the lower edge of the rib angle to the costal groove accompanying the intercostal artery. The pain felt by the nerve endings travels from the intercostal nerve to the nerve roots, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex. Therefore, ICNB is performed primarily from the rib angle. In addition, the adjacent intercostal skin is innervated by the intercostal nerve; therefore, the surrounding skin should also be blocked. Various regional analgesic techniques have been used to improve postoperative pain management in VATS and promote the normalization of the concept of rapid recovery [23,24].
Spinal cord involvement in COVID-19: A review
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Ravindra Kumar Garg, Vimal Kumar Paliwal, Ankit Gupta
The SARS-CoV-2 virus can enter the spinal cord via the hematogenous route infecting the endothelial cells and invading the spinal cord. The SARS-CoV-2 virus can bypass the blood-brain-barrier since it uses the inflammatory cells as a Trojan horse.7 The inflammatory changes produced by the virus thus result in spinal cord inflammation. It has been observed that the virus enters inside the sensory neurons after peripheral inoculation, resulting in ganglionitis.42 Shiers et al. have also demonstrated that the human dorsal root ganglia contain the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors that help the SARS-CoV-2 virus to spread to the spinal cord. The entry point can be free-nerve endings present in the skin as well as the intestinal mucosa.43
Possible health effects on the human brain by various generations of mobile telecommunication: a review based estimation of 5G impact
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Hiie Hinrikus, Tarmo Koppel, Jaanus Lass, Hans Orru, Priit Roosipuu, Maie Bachmann
Despite the radiation at higher frequencies affects the skin directly, the possible health effects are not only related to the skin. The peripheral neural system, excited by nerve endings in the skin, triggers a process of exciting other physiological processes. Two models for the explanation of possible mechanisms of millimeter wave effects have been proposed: (1) direct activation of skin cells induces the secretion of molecular signaling factors in the general blood circulation and (2) stimulation of the peripheral neural system activates the central neural system and induces the secretion of opioids peptides (Radzievsky et al. 2001). The role of the peripheral nervous system is supported by experiments demonstrating that the exposure causes stronger effects when the skin areas with the high concentration of nerve endings are exposed (Radzievsky et al. 2000). The mechanisms of biological effects by millimeter waves and possible consequences in health seem more complicated than the effects at lower radiofrequencies.