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Myocarditis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, often the result of an infective process (virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite) leading to degeneration or death of heart muscle cells and dilated cardiomyopathy. Myocarditis continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population and is the most common cause of cardiac failure in an otherwise healthy child. The disorder typically has an acute onset of effort dyspnea and fatigability due to elevated left ventricular pressure and low cardiac output resulting from dilated congestive cardiomyopathy secondary to an infection.1 Other symptoms may include chest pain and fast or irregular heart beat.
Myocarditis
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
The true incidence of myocarditis is unknown. There are regional and temporal variations in myocarditis. Men are more often affected than women with the peaks in prevalence in children and young adults aged 20–30 years. Incidence is usually estimated between 10 to 20 cases per 100 000 persons. It is probably underdiagnosed, as many cases are subclinical. Myocarditis may present with a wide range of symptoms, ranging from general malaise, mild dyspnoea, chest pain, atrial or ventricular arrhythmias, complete heart block, acute myocardial infarction-like syndrome and heart failure (HF). More abruptly, it may present with cardiogenic shock, acute HF or sudden cardiac death. Therefore, myocarditis should not be regarded as a uniformly benign condition given the increasing rate of cardiogenic shock, from 6.9% in 2005 to approximately 12% in 2014, with 4% overall in-hospital mortality.2 These data are consistent with those reported by Italian study from 2000 to 2017 in which the incidence of cardiogenic shock was 8.6% and the rate of in-hospital mortality or need for transplantation was 2.7%.3 Patients with complicated myocarditis defined as presenting with sustained ventricular arrhythmias and/or haemodynamic instability on admission had a cardiac mortality rate of 10.4% at 30 days and 14.7% at 5-year follow up, while uncomplicated myocarditis had no cardiac mortality.3
Cardiovascular disease
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
A heart attack, also called a myocardial infarction, occurs because the blood supply to the heart muscle, travelling in the coronary arteries, has been cut off, causing some heart tissue to die. The symptoms of a heart attack are discomfort or pain in the chest that does not go awaymild to severe pain that spreads to the arms, neck, jaw, stomach or backnausea, sweating, feeling short of breath and light-headednone or only some of the above
Effect of anisotropy in myocardial electrical conductivity on lesion characteristics during radiofrequency cardiac ablation: a numerical study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2022
Kaihao Gu, Shengjie Yan, Xiaomei Wu
Cardiac muscle is composed of myocardial fibers, which dominant the contraction of the heart [7]. Fiber orientation has been reported to affect the myocardial electrical conductivity (MEC) such that the electrical current flows preferentially along the fiber direction [8], causing the electrical conductivity throughout the heart to become anisotropic. This phenomenon influences the current distribution and thus the lesion formation of RFCA. In ablation simulation, however, to simplify the model, MEC is usually assumed to be isotropic [6]. As the electrical conductivity governs the ablation result [9], appropriate fiber orientation is essential for good accuracy. The fiber orientation can be determined using an imaging system; however, this process is time-consuming and has limited robustness [10]. Application of a rule-based method (RBM) that mathematically describes the fiber orientation based on historical observations is a more acceptable alternative, as it is more feasible for computational simulation [11–13].
Salvianolic acid B inhibits myocardial I/R-induced ROS generation and cell apoptosis by regulating the TRIM8/GPX1 pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Bo Lu, Jianhua Li, MingTai Gui, Lei Yao, Mingsong Fan, Xunjie Zhou, Deyu Fu
Myocardial infarction, which occurs when the cardiac muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen due to decreased blood flow, can cause severe heart damage (Thackeray et al. 2018). Early reperfusion is an effective therapy to restore the supply of oxygen in the ischaemic area. However, the reperfusion itself can cause secondary damage to the heart, which has been known as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (DeBerge et al. 2017). The pathological mechanisms of myocardial I/R injury are complex, and many biological processes are involved, including oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis (Al-Salam and Hashmi 2018). Recently, many compounds extracted from medicinal herbs have been found to alleviate the myocardial I/R injury, such as saponins and rosmarinic acid (Han et al. 2017; He et al. 2018).
Guanxin V attenuates myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury through regulating iron homeostasis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Fuqiong Zhou, Zhengguang Zhang, Meiyuan Wang, Weina Zhu, Jie Ruan, Hongyan Long, Yajie Zhang, Ning Gu
Cardiovascular diseases have become a prominent threat to human life and health today. The latest epidemiological data show that cardiovascular diseases cause approximately 17.9 million deaths annually, and this number is estimated to increase to more than 23.6 million by 2030 (D'Souza 2019). Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, remains a major cause of global morbidity and mortality worldwide, and imposes immense health and economic burden (Domienik-Karłowicz et al. 2021). Clinically, the most effective treatments to reduce the infarct size and improve the clinical outcome are timely myocardial reperfusion using thrombolytic therapy and percutaneous coronary intervention. However, restoration of blood flow in the infracted coronary artery may also induce further cardiomyocyte death and trigger myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) (Ibanez et al. 2015). MIRI is the leading cause of poor prognosis of AMI and causes multiple cardiac complications. Currently, there remains no effective clinical therapy for preventing myocardial reperfusion injury. Therefore, new approaches to reduce MIRI are urgently required.