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Recent Developments in Therapies and Strategies Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Misbah Hameed, M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
Colchicine is an anti-inflammatory drug that is commonly used in gout. It acts by hindering the inflammatory complex in neutrophils and monocytes and finally activation of IL-1beta. Colchicine also has inhibitory effects on macrophages. It has been used in COVID-19 patients who present with myopathies and the results and has shown reduction in inflammation associated with the cardiac myocytes [69]. There are a number of ongoing studies investigating colchicine for cytokine storm.
Autopsy Cardiac Examination
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
This chamber again has a thin wall compared to the left ventricle. The muscle bundles are more uniform in comparison to the right atrium because of the smoothness of the wall and lack of pectinate muscle apart from the left atrial appendage. The myocytes are arranged in bundles admixed with collagen and fat and blood vessels. There is also a prominent subendocardial zone of fibrous thickening in the left atrium compared to the other chambers of the heart with a layer of smooth muscle (Fig. 1.49). The myocytes extend in bundles around the pulmonary veins (so-called muscular sleeves) which are important as a source of atrial fibrillation. Electrophysiologists often do radiofrequency ablation of the atrial wall around the mouth of the pulmonary veins to destroy these myocyte bundles and return the heart to a normal rhythm. Again, as on the right side, the atrial muscle extends down to the atrioventricular junction gradually disappearing into a dense band of collagen which separates the atrial myocardium from the left ventricular myocardium and merges into the base of the mitral valve (Fig. 1.50). As on the right side, there is prominent collagen in the atrial myocardium and ventricular myocardium close to the AV junction so avoid interpretation of pathological fibrosis in these areas. The atrial myocardium is covered by a thin layer of epicardial fat.
Congestive Heart Failure
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the myocardium is abnormal in its cells and myofibrils. Restrictive cardiomyopathy involves endocardial thickening or myocardial infiltration in one or both ventricle – usually the left ventricle is affected with one-sided disease. There may be myocyte death, infiltration of the papillary muscle, compensatory myocardial hypertrophy, and fibrosis. The mitral or tricuspid valves may become dysfunctional, causing regurgitation. In the AV valve, functional regurgitation may be caused by myocardial infiltration or thickening of the endocardium. When the nodal and conduction tissues are damaged, the SA and AV nodes malfunction. This can cause various amounts of block of both nodes. The primary hemodynamic outcome is diastolic dysfunction. The affected ventricle becomes rigid and noncompliant. There is impaired diastolic filling and a high filling pressure. Pulmonary venous hypertension develops. Systolic function may be greatly impaired if the compensatory hypertrophy of fibrosed or infiltrated ventricles is insufficient. If mural thrombi form, systemic emboli can develop.
Regenerated Cell Therapy for Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Ziye Huang, Tongxin Yang, Lishi Shao, Bowei Yang, Shunhang Yang, Guang Wang, Pei Li, Jiongming Li
For females, we found that in two studies conducted by Mitterberger et al. [29,31], the cure rate reached more than 80% and the effective rate reached more than 90%. Compared with other studies of the 23 included in this article, we found that pelvic floor exercises and transvaginal electrical stimulation up to 4 weeks after surgery may provide good benefit to patients. Of course, separate injections of myocytes and fibroblasts may also increase the effectiveness. Shirvan et al. [23] administered injection therapy of nucleated cells with platelets with a cure rate of more than 89% and effective rate of 97%. The sample size of this study was only nine, meaning it is not a good indication of the efficacy of this cell therapy; however, its efficacy cannot be denied. The results showed that the effect of these two types of regenerated cells was similar to that of female MUS in the follow-up period, but the long-term effects was uncertain.
Influenza A–induced rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure following a deep tissue massage
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Brandon Dickey, Eric M. Swanson, Matthew Brigmon, Alfredo Siller
Influenza has very diverse phenotypic presentations, with cardiac, neurologic, renal, musculoskeletal, hepatic, hematologic, and endocrine involvement.2 Monitoring musculoskeletal and renal involvement is important when treating patients with severe acute influenza infection because rhabdomyolysis is a potentially lethal complication. The exact mechanism of influenza-induced rhabdomyolysis has not been determined, but it is hypothesized that direct muscle invasion by the virus results in direct muscle injury. Previous studies demonstrated that influenza directly infects skeletal muscle3 and displays tissue tropism by binding preferentially to α2-6 sialic acids.4 α2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptor expression exists on myotube surfaces and is necessary to facilitate viral replication.5 After one bout of deep-tissue massage, even in the absence of overt muscle injury, there is an associated increase in the activation of muscle stem cells, which aid in the recovery of the muscle.6 In response to activation, muscle stem cells differentiate to myocytes, which subsequently fuse to form myotubes.7 This biological evidence suggests that massage-induced increases in myotubes could grant viral particles increased access to 2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, thereby aiding infectivity and potential exacerbation of influenza-induced rhabdomyolysis. We hope future research will further test this hypothesis.
Formulation and evaluation of interpenetrating polymeric network for controlled drug delivery
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Nighat Batool, Asif Mahmood, Rai Muhammad Sarfraz, Hira Ijaz, Nadiah Zafar, Zahid Hussain
Histopathological examination was also done to investigate any toxic effects of the developed network on vital organs (Figure 21). On the 14th day, animals of the treated group and control group were sacrificed and vital organs, that is, heart, brain, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, and intestine were removed and weighed. No major difference in organ weights was observed in both treated and control groups. Furthermore, no sign of abrasion, illness, swelling, and abnormality was revealed from histopathological examination of tissue sections of collected vital organs under a light microscope (×40). In heart tissue, myocytes were ordered and maintained their shape without showing any necrosis or inflammation. Liver cells of treated and control animals displayed no sign of degeneration or disruption. Hepatic lobules and cord were arranged in a good manner. Defender cells like lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in hepatocytes were also properly arranged and showed no cellular invasion. There was no indication of abnormalities in the lungs. Bronchioles did not show any sort of cellular damage or inflammation and had a normal appearance. Similarly, microscopic examination of rabbit’s kidney tissue showed certain renal cells holding nuclei. There was no sign of cell deterioration, hemorrhage, or blood loss. Likewise, the spleen cells retained their shape in both controls as well as in treated animals. So, it was concluded that the prepared hydrogel copolymer network was biocompatible and suitable for the oral delivery of drugs.