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Computational Neuroscience and Compartmental Modeling
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Note that, Pyramidal neurons (pyramidal cells) are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract. Pyramidal neurons are also one of two cell types where the characteristic sign, Negri bodies, are found in post-mortem rabies infection. Pyramidal neurons were first discovered and studied by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Since then, studies on pyramidal neurons have focused on topics ranging from neuroplasticity to cognition.
The control systems: nervous and endocrine
Published in Nick Draper, Helen Marshall, Exercise Physiology, 2014
Neurons are normally made up of three main components, dendrites, a cell body and a single axon. Dendrites receive information (sensory or neurotransmitter stimuli) which is conveyed toward the cell body for processing. The axon then generates nerve impulses and conducts them away from the cell body, along the axolemma (axon plasma membrane), to the secretory axon terminals. The axon is a specialised cellular filament that arises from the cell body at a site known as the axon hillock. There are three main structural classifications of neurons related to the number of processes extending from the cell body. These are shown in Figure 4.2 with the direction of impulse travel indicated by an arrow. Although all neurons have only one axon leaving the cell body, multipolar neurons have many dendrites connecting to the cell body, bipolar neurons have a single dendrite coming to the cell body, and unipolar neurons have a joint dendrite axon process connecting with the cell body. Generally, motor neurons are multipolar in structure and sensory neurons are mainly unipolar although some specialist neurons, such as those of the rods and cones of the eye, are bipolar. Figure 4.3 shows a multipolar neuron in more detail.
The Spinal Cord and the Spinal Canal
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand
From a physiological point of view, the neurons are usually divided into (1) sensoryneurons, which convey information from peripheral structures in the form of action potentials — these cells are mostly unipolar neurons, and their cell bodies lie within dorsal root ganglia; (2) interneurons, defined as neurons not projecting beyond the central nervous system; they are the most numerous neurons in humans (typically, they are bipolar neurons), and they act on other neurons by releasing neurotransmitters (postsynaptic excitation or inhibition); and (3) motor neurons, with long myelinated axons which convey action potentials to the periphery; they are usually multipolar neurons, and can be subdivided into Motor neurons to skeletal muscles; these neurons, located within the ventral horns of the spinal cord, consist of α motor neurons, which innervate extrafusal muscle fibers, and γ motor (or fusimotor) neurons, which innervate intrafusal fibers of muscle spindlesMotor neurons of the autonomic nervous system, which consist of preganglionic neurons, the cell bodies of which are located in the lateral horns of the gray matter; their thinly myelinated axons (B fibers) reach either sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglia, where they synapse with postganglionic neurons (cholinergic synapse), and postganglionic neurons, which are located in the various sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia; they send unmyelinated axons (C fibers) to the viscera which they supply
Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons affect the expression of endogenous neural progenitor cells and the recovery of neural function after spinal cord injury
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Yu-qi He, Xue-xing Shi, Li Chen, Wen-bo Zhao, Jing Shan, Zong-Long Lin, Lei-luo Yang, Qing Li
Group C rats demonstrated CB and Nestin double positive cells after 1, 7, 14, and 28 days of SCI. Bipolar or multipolar neurons with irregular distribution were observed on 1st day (Figure 4(a)), with a peak from 7th to 14th day (Figure 4(b, c)), followed by a gradual decline (Figure 4(d)).