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Other Clinical Forms Emerge in Sri Lanka
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
Following this report, a third case of locally transmitted true mucosal leishmaniasis was reported in 2010 in a 52-year-old man from Mahiyangana in the Central province in Sri Lanka (Rathnayake et al., 2010). This patient initially had a small discoloured patch on the face near the angle of his mouth which was negative for leishmaniasis by light microscopic examination of lesion scrapings. Further investigations on leishmaniasis had not been carried out until 6 years later when he presented to us with severe mucosal tissue destruction. The upper lips were swollen and posterior part of the soft palate and nasal septum were severely damaged, leaving large deficiencies. Diagnosis of mucosal leishmaniasis was confirmed by examination of mucosal lesion tissue scrapings by microscopy and PCR. The patient had inherent immune deficiency and co-infection with extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient responded well for anti-leishmanial treatment with sodium stibogluconate (SSG). His destructive lesions were well-confined to the mucosal tissue. There was no facial involvement or signs of facial inflammation. This enables us to conclude this as true mucosal leishmaniasis.
Mucosal B cells and their function
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Jo Spencer, Edward N. Janoff, Per Brandtzaeg
Mucosal tissue can be subdivided into structures and cells associated with the inductive or the effector arms of the mucosal immune response. The inductive compartment consists of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), classically Peyer's patches in the intestinal mucosa (gut-associated lymphoid tissue [GALT]) and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) (Chapter 23), which resemble lymph nodes and are highly organized and dynamic in terms of lymphocyte traffic and proliferation. However, because MALT is constantly exposed to antigens coming directly from mucosal surfaces, MALT structures are uniquely adapted to generate diverse precursors of mucosal effector cells. In contrast, the GALT effector compartment is diffusely located in the subepithelial lamina propria. The lamina propria contains plasma cells and their immediate precursors, together with effector T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and mast cells. The most abundant effector molecule produced in the lamina propria is IgA, which is among the best understood mediators of mucosal protection.
The Ultrastructure of Olfactory and Nasal Respiratory Epithelium Surfaces
Published in D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
In mammals, respiratory and olfactory epithelia are separated in distinct regions. Both epithelia constitute the most proximal layers of cells of the mucosal tissue overlying the ethmoturbinates and the nasal septum. The olfactory mucosa occupies posterior regions, whereas the respiratory mucosa occupies more anterior regions. The olfactory mucosa is also present on the cribriform plate. Maxilloturbinals and most of the nasoturbinals (Figure 1) bear respiratory epithelium. The vestibular part of the nose is covered with keratinized squamous epithelium.75
Inflammation resolution and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in chronic rhinosinusitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Peyton Z. Robinson, Daniel N. Frank, Vijay R. Ramakrishnan
The clinical goal for CRS management is reducing inflammation and improving quality of life. Administration of saline lavage, corticosteroids, and surgical procedures are mainstays of medical treatment, with antibiotics and other allergy therapies (antihistamines, leukotriene modifiers, immunotherapy, biologics) when indicated [9,10]. Several recent trials have used biologics such as omalizumab, mepolizumab, and dupilumab to modulate type 2 inflammation in refractory CRS. These monoclonal antibodies target IgE, IL-5, and IL-4/IL-13, respectively. Several phase 3 trials have documented efficacy of these agents in CRS with nasal polyps for patient reported quality of life and objective nasal polyp scores [11–13]. These medical treatments often are used together and may act synergistically through specific anti-inflammatory effects [14,15]. Even so, disease recalcitrance or recurrence is common, even after major interventions such as surgery. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for CRS generally yields a significant quality of life improvement [16], but a significant amount of surgical failures and cases necessitates revision surgery [17]. More advanced and aggressive surgical techniques have recently emerged, such as surgical ‘reboot’ of the nasal mucosa. This procedure requires complete removal of diseased paranasal mucosal tissue to an opportunity for fresh re-epithelization of the mucosal surface. Removal of all diseased tissue in some studies showed a decreased recurrence of nasal polyps [18] and improved quality of life [19].
Feasibility of olfactomedin 4 as a molecular biomarker for early diagnosis of gastric neoplasia after intestinal metaplasia
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Lixing Pang, Xin Yan, Dongxing Su, Xianbin Wu, Haixing Jiang
Tumor stem cells are critically important as they contribute to unlimited proliferation and play a vital part in tumor metastasis, recurrence, and chemotherapeutic resistance [8]. Gastrointestinal mucosal tissue is the most rapidly renewing tissue in the body. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal and can differentiate into a variety of mature cells, including goblet cells, Paneth cells, and secretory cells. Accordingly, they are highly implicated in the self-renewal of the gastrointestinal epithelium, the maintenance of homeostasis, and the repair of damage [22]. However, given their high differentiation and self-renewal capabilities, there is a high risk of gene mutation [23]. Currently, there is a lack of effective biomarkers for GC stem cells. Research has revealed that GC stem cells can express the Lgr5 gene, the positive expression of which could significantly promote tumor development [6]. We also found the OLFM4 gene expression in Lgr5-positive cells to be highly specific, and it could be used as a biomarker for Lgr5-positive cells [24].
Betel quid chewing and cessation in the sociocultural context of Paiwan people from Taiwan: a qualitative study
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2021
The dependent-type chewers who were in the contemplation stage started to realize the negative impact of betel quid chewing, thus resulting in approach–avoidance conflict. The most common negative impact was the pain caused by repeated ulcers. Long-term betel quid chewing also led to problems of dental wear. However, when the pain was relieved, the cravings for betel quid caused the interviewees to begin chewing betel quid again. In the long term, repeated damage to the oral mucosa might lead to mucosal tissue mutation, which would increase the likelihood of developing cancer. In addition, the cost of buying betel quid might increase the chewers’ financial burden. We recommend that in health education materials, the various negative impacts of betel quid and the experiences of cancer patients should be emphasized, thereby promoting and strengthening the chewers’ motivation to quit.